As the annual initiative, Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) from February 15-18–where birdwatchers around the world are invited to count and report details of birds in the area in which they live– marks its last day tomorrow, a veteran ornithologist here has said it was important to keep a tab on what are regarded as common birds too.
Prof. Sarath Kotagama says that while many are concerned about the declining numbers of rare birds, the numbers of common birds, too, could dip towards extinction without anyone realising it and, therefore, it was important to take a count of those birds too.
The latest ‘State of the World Birds’ report published by BirdLife International reveals that while highly threatened species continue to go extinct, what were once considered common and widespread species too are in sharp decline. At least 40% of bird species worldwide (3,967) have declining populations, compared with 44% that are stable (4,393) according to the report.
“As the birds around are mostly common ones, even an amateur birdwatcher can identify most of the birds around us. So the public too can join in such citizen science initiatives such as the GBBC and make note of the common birds which can be an indicator of the state of the environment,” Prof.Kotagama explained.
Red-vented Bulbul. Pic by Hari Namasivayam
The global Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) is a citizen science project conducted annually in mid-February. During this four-day event birdwatchers around the world are invited to count and report details of birds in the area in which they live.
The Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka (FOGSL) based at Colombo University urges Sri Lankan birders also to participate in GBBC. “The migratory birds are still in Sri Lanka in mid-February, hence the timing of the GBBC is good to get an annual snapshot of birds here,” FOGSL president Dr.Sampath Seneviratne said.
“The GBBC is also a great opportunity to introduce not just adults, but children too to birding and build greater awareness of our biodiversity and its conservation. So get your kids to participate in this event,” urges Dr.Seneviratne.
Meanwhile pointing out that the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) has announced its first coordinated flamingo count in the region on February 23 and 24, Dr.Seneviratne said that FOGSL will carry out a similar programme here too on the same days. He invites birdwatchers here to be a part of the programme by calling the FOGSL hotline on 0789330076. The Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus rosues) is a common winter visitor to Sri Lanka, and birdwatchers and wildlife photographers flock to Mannar and other northern regions to get a glimpse of the spectacular gathering of hundreds of these birds.
Flamingos (c) Janaka Bandara
How to participate in the Great Backyard Bird Count Participants are asked to count birds for as little as 15 minutes on one or more days of the four-day event and upload their sightings on eBird (http://www.ebird.org).
If you find it difficult to access eBird, make a list of the birds seen around in your area their numbers and details of the location, sounds etc and email to gardenbirdwatch.srilanka@gmail.com urges FOGSL or call their hotline 0789330076 for any assistance.
Sinhala/Tamil new year (Aluth Avurudu) is a main cultural event in Sri Lanka. Inorder to spend a ‘Natureful new year’, I stepped out to enjoy birds in our garden along with my daughter on morning of 14th of April. We observed many birds along with a Kingfisher nest. After a long pause, I restarted my regular column ‘Biodiversity of Home gardens’ with this article published on 01.05.2019 on Vidusara Science Weekly.
Collared Scops Owl is probably the most wide spread owl species in Sri Lanka. They are common in home gardens and Jayathri Dias observed a family of owls just a day after the Sinhala/Tamil new year in April. Quite interestingly, I had a similar experience on April New Year day in 2003 where I observed parents along with 3 baby owls. I managed to feed them cockroaches. I included observations of few others to show this owl is a common garden bird in Sri Lanka. This was published on Vidusara 15.05.2019.
Tropical region is home to diverse habitats (c) Ruchira Somaweera
“About 200 world-renowned scientists are expected to participate in this conference, organised by the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC)’s Asia-Pacific Chapter,” Dr. Enoka Kudavidanage, conference chair and ATBC country representative said.
Discussions will take place with a heightened sense of urgency as a key United Nations study predicts that 1 million species risk extinction.
“The bonds that hold Nature together may be at risk of unravelling from deforestation, overfishing, development and other human activities,” National Geographic stated, reporting on the results of the UN Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services issued in May.
The tropics, which encompass 40 per cent of the Earth’s surface area, has diverse habitats ranging from rainforests to deserts, savannah to mangroves that are threatened by deforestation, overfishing, poaching, climate change, pollution and invasive alien species.
The knowledge aired at the conference would help scientists dealing with biodiversity problems in Sri Lanka, conference co-chair, Dr. Sampath Seneviratne of the University of Colombo, said.
The event would be a good opportunity to put Sri Lanka at the “focal point of conservation science at this important juncture”, said Professor Savitri Gunatilleke, Emeritus Professor at the University of Peradeniya.
Dr. Gunatilleke, who was awarded Honorary Fellowship of the ATBC in 2016, the first Sri Lankan to be honoured thus, pointed out that this country had a number of “renowned conservation scientists and many young researchers who aspire to be successful scientists of tropical biodiversity”.
The ATBC conference, the first of its kind to be held in Sri Lanka, will take place at MAS Athena, Thulhiriya from September 10-13. Visit http://atbcap2019.org/index.html for details.
Founded in 1963, the ATBC is the world’s largest and oldest academic society dedicated to the study and conservation of tropical ecosystems. As many as 65 countries are involved in its activities.
Meanwhile the much-hyped World Wildlife Conference (CITES COP18) has been postponed to October pending security clearance following the Easter Sunday bomb attacks.
Authorities hope this conference, which hundreds of foreign scientists are expected to attend, will boost the tourism industry which was devastated by the bombings, carried out by Islamic militants in churches and hotels on April 21.
Most of the earth’s biodiversity hotspots are in tropical region
From Feb/March to May; lots of garden bird species breed. Observation of these nests (ofcourse with care without disturb them) are an interesting activity that makes you more closer to nature. This article discusses about the breeding season of common garden birds in Sri Lanka and importance of observing them without disturbing the nest. This was published on 16.05.2019 on my column ‘Biodiversity of Home Gardens’ on Vidusara Science Weekly.
I first observed that a Tailor Bird sleeps on an ornamental plant hanging from upstairs. The bird continues to sleep on this place upto today (i.e.29th June). Tailor bird puffs its feathers and tuck its head under its wing to make its profile hide from potential predator. The bird is undisturbed even anybody goes very close to it. This is published under ‘Biodiversity of Home Garden’ column on Vidusara Science Weekly on 29.05.2019.
April is the month of flowers and there is no better time to announce that a newly-discovered orchid named Pteroceras dalaputtuwa in memory of the iconic tusker, Galgamuwa Dala Puttuwa, tragically killed for its tusks, has been added to the list of flowers endemic to Sri Lanka. The tiny Dalaputtuwa orchid is a partially opened flower about 10mm long and 5mm wide, with short, yellowish petals and an elongated rectangular-oval hollow extension called a spur. It was discovered in 2014 during a floristic survey and after periodic observations, researchers found that it flowers from late June to September.
The plant has long roots that can grow upto 14-22cm to attach themselves to tall forest trees, usually of the Dipterocarpus family (hora trees). Dalaputtuwa is believed to be restricted to Kudawa forest reserve in Ratnapura where researchers have found only about 20 plants. This puts it on the Critically Endangered list.
Although the Dalaputtuwa orchid closely resembles an orchid native to the Philippines, Sri Lankan researchers have, after thorough analysis, established it as an orchid unique and endemic to Sri Lanka. Their study has been published in the peer-reviewed botanical journal, Phytotaxa, with the authors’ names given as Tharaka Priyadarshana, Anusha Atthanagoda, Ishara Wijewardhane, Kawshalya Siriweera, Nimantha Aberathna, and Pankaj Kumar.
Earlier in their survey, the researchers discovered another new orchid species. This flower, named Oberonia meegaskumburae or fairy orchid, which was found in the Samanala Nature Reserve, along the Kuruwita-Erathna footpath.
Describing the Dalaputtuwa discovery, the researcher said, “This could be the first time in the history of plant nomenclature that a new species has been named after an elephant”. The tusker, Galgamuwa Dala Puttuwa, was killed by poachers in 2017 for its renowned long, entwined tusks.
Lead researcher Tharaka Priyadarshana said he and his colleagues chose the tusker’s name for the new orchid to attract wider public and government interest in improved conservation policies to protect
Sri Lanka’s biodiversity.
The new orchid’s generic name, Pteroceras, is derived from the Greek “pteron” and “keras”, which mean wing and horn respectively, referring to the two narrow and wing-like appendages at the base. This is a small group of orchids comprising 21 species in several countries. In Sri Lanka so far, only one species of Pteroceras is known, but Pteroceras viridiflorum is also known mainly from drawings. As this orchid was not observed for the past 150 years, it was categorised as ‘Possibly Extinct’; however, recent floristic surveys conducted by the same researchers led to the rediscovery of Pteroceras viridiflorum.
Orchids form one of the largest flower families in Sri Lanka, with 191 known species, 58 of them endemic to the country.
They are threatened by habitat destruction and direct exploitation, with people collecting wild orchids for use as ornamental plants. Orchids are also sensitive to environmental changes such as moisture levels, so climate change and pollution also threaten their survival.
Purported encounters with Nittaewo, the legendary dwarf men of Sri Lanka, have emerged from different parts of the country over the past few weeks but experts say these sightings are dubious.
The latest incident was reported from Thotamuna, Matara on March 18, with a villager claiming he had been assaulted by a group of dwarf men. Others also claimed to have seen these men, one describing them as having long claws, long ears and hairy bodies.
Similar accounts have come from Ampara, Kuliyapitiya, Anuradhapura and Walasmulla. In the Anuradhapura incident, a woman in Mahavilachchiya said she had been attacked by a dwarf man early morning on her doorstep. Her neighbour too came forward, sharing a similar incident that had allegedly taken place a few days previously.
A chain effect of Nittaewo sightings was triggered by chena farmers in Ampara. One farmer in Ampara said he had seen a mysterious dwarf man squatting in his chena. When he hurriedly called to the neighbouring farmer the dwarf had run away. It had a reddish mouth and hairy body, the farmer said. After TV stations aired the story, Nittaewo stories went viral on social media and more sightings emerged.
”Imaginary drawing of hairy hominids eviscerating a fallen Veddah with their hands”. By P.E.P. Deraniyagala, from Loris, June 1964
According to legend, Nittaewo are an extinct race of man-like beings in dwarf form, the male being about three feet tall, covered with fur and having talon-like nails. Nittaewo lived in small tribes and were said to steal meat from veddahs and to attack solitary veddahs.
It is said the Nittaewo’s last refuge was in the Lenama mountains in Ampara in the Eastern Province, where angry veddahs chased them into a cave and lit a fire that blocked the cave’s entrance, resulting in their extermination. A team from the University of Sri Jayewardenepura probed the recent claims. “We investigated a few cases where people claimed to have seen Nittaewo recently but none of these were actual sightings of Nittaewo,” Professor Yasanjali Jayathilaka said.
“Even though the Nittaewo legend is real, it is unlikely that such a primitive creature could survive this long, hiding from humans, especially in populated areas,” she added.
The Nittaewo was first reported by British civil servant Hugh Nevill in 1886. He could not find anyone who had actually seen a Nittaewo but gathered stories from Mudaliar de Zylva and veddahs of the area for an article published in the journal the Taprobanian.
The name, Nittaewo, probably came from Niya-athi or Niyapothu-aya – those having long nails. There is no hard evidence such as fossil remains or skeletons to establish the existence of Nittaewo.
Zoo-archaeologist Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, suggests that those reported at Lenama could be actually men who had gone wild. “In those days, villagers were isolated in jungles, so there could be inbreeding that could result in genetic mutated children. Such odd-looking ones were often cast out from villages and could have formed alliances with other similar outcasts, developing savage behaviour,” Mr. Manamendra-Arachchi said.
“However, recently in 2004 a very small human species classified as Homo floreseinsis – dubbed The Hobbit – was discovered, so we cannot completely rule out the Nittaewo as pure legend,” he pointed out.
Homo floresiensis lived on the Indonesian island of Flores until as recently as 54,000 years ago, according to scientists.
[Pradeep A. Jayatunga is another scholar who studied Nittaewo legend in details. He compiled the findings to a booklet titled ‘Nittaewo – the Hobbits of Sri Lanka’’ that was published in 2010. In his book, he describes the possibilities of what could given life to the Nittaewo legend and listed different theories. In most of the tales the Nittaewo appear as mysterious creatures with a combination of human and animal characteristics. This combination has given rise to a variety of vastly different candidates (from stump-tailed monkeys to an outcaste clan of humans) for the origin of the legend, Mr.Jayatunga wrote.
Some explorers like Dr.R.L.Spittle claims that Nittaewo could be infact a more savaged race of brown bear that believed to be lived in these areas of Sri Lanka. “Taking in to consideration the Nittaewo’s two supposedly outstanding characteristics of hairy bodies and long nails along with the ‘monkey chatter’ and ‘brutish noises’ of the original legend, Spittel rejects the Negritos or hominids (having no long nails or hairy bodies) and apes (having no long nails) as contenders, and suggests the sloth bear (or perhaps the extinct brown bear- Rahu walaha) as the best candidate” Mr.Jayatunga record what Spittle suggested in his book.
The rocky jungles of Lenama was an ideal area for bear that was having the habit of taking shelter in caves. The ‘monkey chatter’ and ‘brutish noises’ suggest the twittering the bears make while nibbling fore paws and the suction sound emitted while extricating larvae from anthills. They often go in groups- female carrying the young on her back, they are not averse to flesh and are great tree climbers.
According to Jayatunga, the early writer Hugh Nevill received his information from Ampara Mudaliar de Zylva who had given the most prevalent story of Nittaewo today. But when he queried it from one of his informant veddah, the veddah too said the Sinhalese got confused and it could be a misidentity of bear known as Rahu Walaha.
However, the legend of Nittaewo had been originated by Veddah, who are very good at identifying animals in jungle. So could they make a mistaken identity failing to separate a bear from a human form – others argue. So the Nittaewo legend still remains a mystery. Mr.Jayatunga concludes that the legend of the Nittaewo, though limited in sources and lacking eye-witnesses, still has qualities which make it worthy of research. However, careless attributing of anything unexplained to Nittaewo would not make any justification to the legend, experts say urging people to act more logically.]
Elephant calf with a damaged mouth trying to drink water (c) courtesy Department of Wildlife Conservation.
Explosive devices concealed in bait for bushmeat hunting have overtaken gunshot injuries as the primary cause of elephant deaths in Sri Lanka since last year.
These devices, known as “jaw exploders,” are aimed primarily at wild boar, but are increasingly maiming and killing elephants, particularly in the island’s northcentral and eastern regions.
The explosives cause horrific injuries, shattering the jaw and destroying soft tissue inside the mouth, leading ultimately to a slow and painful death from infection.
One in five recorded elephant deaths last year were due to these devices, with most of the victims juvenile elephants under the age of 10.
Elephants in Minneriya (c) Rajiv Welikala
KURUNEGALA, Sri Lanka — Residents of the farming village of Irudeniyagama in Sri Lanka’s North Western province were taken by surprise last week when they saw a wild elephant calf trying to enter a house. They gave chase, but instead of returning to the nearby forest, the calf next tried to find shelter inside another house.
A closer look showed that the calf’s mouth was split open and all its teeth shattered. It had an infected wound with pus oozing from it.
The injury was caused by an improvised explosive device hidden in fodder bait used by villagers to hunt animals. Known locally as hakka patas, or “jaw exploder,” these devices are a combination of gunpowder and fragments of metal or rock packed tightly together. When bitten into or crushed inside an animal’s mouth, they explode, shattering the jaw and destroying the tongue and other soft tissue. The resulting infection can spread down through the esophagus, often leading to extremely painful deaths.
Leading cause of death
It’s meant to be a method of killing wild boars, a popular yet illegal bushmeat, and other game animals, but has contributed significantly to Sri Lanka’s increasing elephant deaths.
“Unable to eat or drink, the victimized elephants gradually become weak and unable to follow the herd. They are soon left behind. If there is a water hole nearby, they take refuge in them or, in cases like Irudeniyagama, elephants would come closer to human settlements,” said Isuru Hewakottage, a veterinary surgeon overseeing operations for the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) in North Western province.
Of the 319 total elephant deaths recorded in 2018, 64 were caused by these explosive devices, or 20 percent, according to U. L. Taufeek, head of the DWC’s elephant conservation unit. That’s higher than the 53 elephants killed last year from gunshot injuries, previously the leading cause of elephant deaths in Sri Lanka. So far this year, 30 elephant deaths have been attributed to these explosives. The island is home to fewer than 6,000 Sri Lankan elephants (Elephas maximus maximus), a subspecies of the Asian elephant.
“Often, it is the young elephants below 10 years of age that get killed. The majority of the victims are elephant calves under 5 years of age,” Hewakottage told Mongabay.
“The young calves are both curious and playful. They also pick things and insert into their mouths, unlike the more wary adult elephants. Perhaps the younger beasts are able to see objects much closer as they have not yet grown to their full height. But adult elephants could be more discerning and able to detect the smell of gunpowder,” Hewakottage added.
Playful and curious elephant calves are easy victims of improvised explosive devices hidden in fodder bait. Image courtesy of Rajiv Welikala.
Tharaka Prasad, the DWC’s veterinary chief, said it was “nearly impossible” to treat the severe damage done by these devices.
“In most cases, it is only possible to reduce the pain associated with their inevitable death,” he said. “Only a handful survive these explosive devices.”
Use of these improvised explosive devices targeting game animals was first reported in 2008 from the island’s east, but has since rapidly spread to other parts of Sri Lanka.
But actual enforcement is difficult, said Chandana Sooriyabandara, the DWC director-general.
“When an animal is killed using a firearm or by poisoning, poachers leave some trace that can aid detection. But in the case of these explosive devices, it is extremely difficult to trace the source,” he said, adding that any telltale signs can be concealed or disposed of.
Prithviraj Fernando, an elephant researcher and head of the Center for Conservation Research-Sri Lanka (CCRSL), told Mongabay that the problem needed to be addressed from both conservation and anti-poaching angles. “The best solution is to increase peer pressure to discourage poaching employing this barbaric method,” he said.
Many of the places where these explosive devices are used to hunt animals are also sites where human-elephant conflicts occur, with the hotspots being the island’s rice-growing heartland in the north-central and eastern regions.
Yet, despite instances of elephants destroying their crops, villagers have tended to demonstrate compassion and assist in elephant rescues and in treating the injured. Elephants enjoy a religious and cultural significance in Sri Lanka, but not everyone views the animals that way.
The DWC’s Sooriyabandara said sometimes the explosive bait is laid out specifically to target elephants seen as a nuisance to villagers. “It’s not all accidental. When a villager is killed or crops are damaged by elephants, outraged villagers often use these devices,” he said.
A shattered mouth and an excruciating death. Image courtesy of Vijitha Perera.
To mitigate the impact of the explosives on the island’s elephant population, conservation researcher Fernando said the villagers needed to be made aware of how much suffering they cause the elephants before they die. “Awareness is key. We need to encourage villagers to desist from using explosive devices,” he said.
Wildlife authorities are already working with conservation-focused organizations to spread the word and win public support, said Sooriyabandara. One such group is the Colombo-based Centre for Environmental Justice (CEJ), which hosts a series of dialogues to create awareness in human-elephant conflict hotspots.
Using videos and photographs, CEJ members highlight the agony of elephants maimed by the explosive devices, as well as the need to minimize conflict through better wildlife conservation methods.
“We work more with children and community leaders who can play a critical role in creating awareness,” said CEJ executive director Hemantha Withanage.
He added that the problem was no longer just a grassroots one. “There is a danger of illegal manufacturing of these explosives at a commercial scale, and this may result in more elephant deaths in the future,” Withanage said, adding that there was a consistent increase in elephant deaths due to the use of explosives.
The root of the problem is the bushmeat trade, elephant biologist Manori Gunawardena told Mongabay.
”To prevent increasing elephant deaths due to the use of improvised explosive devices, it is necessary to curb and control the illegal bushmeat trade,” she said. “People should be made aware of the consequences to the wild.”
Banner image of an elephant herd in Minneriya, in Sri Lanka’s North Western province, courtesy of Rajiv Welikala.
Sri Lanka needs to understand how critical the resources of the ocean are to an island nation’s security and end its centuries’-old apathy about protecting its maritime base, leading scientists told a conference.
The state-of-the-art Control room of the Norwegian research vessel Dr. Fridtjof Nansen
“As an island nation, the resources of the ocean are very important for development and changes to ocean patterns can bring bad impacts. Sri Lanka needs to put more effort into developing understanding of the oceans around us through scientific research,” Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA) General Manager Dr. Terney Pradeep Kumara said.
Culturally and historically, society had been detached from the ocean and the education system needed to bridge this gap.
“We haven’t realised the importance of coastal zones. For example, most often the cemeteries of villages along the coastal belt are set up adjacent to beaches, proving that, traditionally, Sri Lankan society hasn’t realised the importance of ocean and related ecosystems,” Dr. Pradeep Kumara said.
His comments were made on Ocean Science Day, marked on June 27, organised by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, which is composed of 150 member states, including Sri Lanka.
The head of the IOC’s Ocean Science Section, Dr. Arico Salvatore, said Ocean Science Day – now in its second year – was established to demonstrate that ocean science aids societal goals.
Dr. Salvatore emphasised that countries such as Sri Lanka can benefit greatly from ocean science, particularly with ocean-based weather predictions that allow more effective planning of agricultural and fisheries operations.
“The tsunami warning system is a clear example how the application of ocean science can be used to save lives,” he added.
Ruhuna University’s Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science students conduct research on board Dr. Fridtjof Nansen
Sri Lanka and adjacent countries benefit from the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System set up under the IOC’s leadership. At the time Sri Lanka was hit by the deadly tsunami of 2004, the Indian ocean region lacked a tsunami monitoring system. The late Professor Samantha Hettiarachchi was a major contributor to the success of the warning system, which began working in 2006.
“Sri Lanka has a lot of talent that will create champions in the field of ocean science. We are lagging behind in this field so we need to focus on a program to train more scientists in ocean science,” said Dr. Pradeep Kumara, a former head of the Department of Oceanography and Marine Geology at the University of Ruhuna.
Ocean science has evolved rapidly in recent years in response to growing international interest in ocean use, climate change, environmental protection and the conservation of ocean resources, and Sri Lanka needs to ride on this bandwagon and not get left behind, he said.
Dr. Upul Premaratne, Dr Pradeep Kumara’s successor at the university, said the faculty worked hard at producing quality graduates and it was important that job opportunities be created for them to prevent them going abroad where there was high demand – particularly in developed countries – for experts in ocean science and fisheries.
Another University of Ruhuna expert, Senior Professor Ruchira Cumaranatunga stressed the need for more resources. “We need a full-fledged research vessel that can continuously monitor the ocean around our country without us depending on other countries,” he pointed out.
Developed nations such as Norway have been showing Sri Lanka how to use modern technology in fisheries and other ocean sciences. Twenty Sri Lankan scientists were given the opportunity to sail on the Norwegian research vessel Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, which recently surveyed the ocean around Sri Lanka, assessing fish stocks and ecosystems.
The trip provided a novel experience for Sri Lankan scientists to familiarise themselves with the latest technologies, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA) scientist Dr. Prabath Jayasinghe, said.
The rediscovery in recent years of species long thought to be extinct has sparked calls by scientists for an update of Sri Lanka’s red list of threatened species.
The current list is based on assessments from 2012, and a scheduled update in 2017 was missed because of procedural delays and resource constraints.
Conservationists have also called for the red-listing criteria used in Sri Lanka to be consistent with the global guidelines set out by the IUCN, in order to ensure consistency in conservation efforts.
They also want more species recovery initiatives based on the national red list, to make better use of the data to optimize conservation efforts.
freshwater crab – 50 out of 51 freshwater crabs found in Sri Lanka are Endemic (c) Nadika Hapuarachchie
When a team of herpetologists led by Mendis Wickramasinghe found a group of webless shrub frogs in a remote montane ecosystem in Sri Lanka in 2010, it was an encounter with a species not seen since it was first described in 1876.
In fact, both Sri Lanka’s national red list and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) list the webless shrub frog (Pseudophilautus hypomelas), found nowhere else on Earth, as extinct. Since then, two more amphibians and two plants listed as extinct or possibly extinct in the 2012 national red list have been rediscovered in the wild.
The list was supposed to be updated in 2017 with new assessments. And while these rediscoveries are positive news for conservation on the highly biodiverse Indian Ocean island, the deficiencies of the red list indicate serious glitches in updating the conservation status of species and a failure to reflect the reality on the ground, experts say.
“Sri Lanka has many technically sound researchers who can contribute to this process of carrying out species assessments,” said Wickramasinghe. “With proper coordination, it is not difficult to compile the data. The system does not reflect the urgency that conservationists feel.”
Suranjan Fernando, who was involved in preparing Lanka’s submission for the Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed that an updated red list could help with species recovery efforts.
“We carry out surveys to identify species distribution. It is good to have a repository of information, but the important thing is to introduce species’ recovery plans,” he told Mongabay.
The starry shrub frog (Pseudophilautus stellatus) is included in Sri Lanka’s national list of threatened species as possibly extinct (the IUCN considers it already extinct), although it was rediscovered in 2009, 156 years after it was first described. Image courtesy of Mendis Wickramasinghe.
National assessments
The IUCN’s global Red List of Threatened Species is considered the leading repository for the conservation status of species around the world. While the global list is maintained and periodically updated by the IUCN, there are also regional and national red lists that assess conservation status at more localized levels.
Sri Lanka came out with national assessments in 1999, 2007 and 2012, with the subsequent one scheduled for 2017. But procedural delays and resource constraints have hampered the process, causing the deadline to be missed.
“There is a delay in publishing the latest national assessment but reviews will be done as expeditiously as possible,” Padma Abeykoon, head of the Biodiversity Secretariat, the agency responsible for carrying out the national assessments, told Mongabay.
The good news here is that despite the delay, the threatened status of plants has already been finalized, according to Cyril Wijesundera, coordinator of the flora component of the national red list. “The intention is to publish the national red list by October,” he added.
Assessments are plagued by data deficiencies due to the absence of islandwide surveys, especially on less “glamorous” species such as grasses, sedges and some herbs, Wijesundera said.
Devaka Weerakoon, who leads the fauna component of the list, told Mongabay that initial data gathering was underway, though the process was slow. “It is not possible to give a potential date of release of the updated list,” he said. What is easier to conclude is the assessment on freshwater fishes, according to IUCN Sri Lanka’s senior program officer for biodiversity, Sampath Goonetillake.
Conservationists are warning against the rapid decline of endemic birds from Sri Lanka’s hills, where this yellow-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus penicillatus) can still be seen. Image courtesy of Nadika Hapuarachchi.
Domestic criteria
Despite the holistic red-listing criteria and guidelines introduced by the IUCN, countries tend to adopt domestic criteria by making minor adjustments, and Sri Lanka is a case in point.
“IUCN Sri Lanka produced a national list of threatened species using nationally developed criteria in 1999. The first IUCN national red list of threatened species was based on the global criteria, nationally adopted in 2007,” said Channa Bambaradeniya, former head of IUCN Sri Lanka’s biodiversity unit, who was involved in the initial listing process.
“But in some cases we had to deviate from the global criteria to address local conservation realities,” Wijesundera said. “We are a small island with diverse ecosystems scattered within a relatively smaller area, unlike a big continent.”
For a national red list to be adopted by the IUCN, the latter has to review the listing for the application of relevant global criteria in a scientific manner. But this process doesn’t please everyone. Many conservationists argue that it’s best to stick to the global criteria for greater consistency in conservation efforts.
“Having regional level in-country assessments makes sense for endemic species restricted to a specific region. But for species that are globally found, country-specific assessments are of little value from the point of species conservation,” said Rohan Pethiyagoda, a taxonomist and a naturalist who earlier served as the deputy chair of the IUCN’s Species Survival Commission.
Pethiyagoda said he intended to conduct an amphibian assessment using global red list criteria.
“It may not be necessary to carry out assessments every five years. It needs updating only when new data on threats, populations and ranges are available,” he said. “In the case of amphibians, after a period of rapid discovery, there seems to now be a period of stasis. So the time is right for a fresh assessment. The same is true also for freshwater fishes, though 2020 will be a good time for releasing a fresh assessment due to the wealth of unpublished data available.”
For Wickramasinghe, whose team rediscovered the webless shrub frog thought to be extinct, there can’t be any further delays in updating the conservation status for Sri Lanka’s rich and unique biodiversity.
“The need of the hour is to update the national red list and to use the data to prioritize conservation efforts,” he said.
Banner image of an endemic freshwater crab from Sri Lanka. Fifty of the 51 freshwater crabs found here occur nowhere else. The IUCN’s 2015 listing recognizes 24 of them as critically endangered and another 10 as endangered. Image by Nadika Hapuarachchi.
The column ‘Biodiversity of Home Gardens’ that I started on 2017 on Vidusara sinhala science weekly completes 2 years on this World Environment Day. We are so much concern about the beauty of the birds in forests like Sinharaja or wetlands like Kumana. We are so much fond of visiting wildernesses to see charismatic animals such as elephants, leopards, whales. But what about the biodiversity in our own door-step..? We’ve got beautiful singers like Magpie-robin, Asian koel; skillful dancers like Fantail Flycatcher – so many beautiful birds, butterflies and other interesting creatures. Yes, they are common, but still there are lots of interesting things to watch. But as we are unaware and paying less attention, most of us miss such interesting drama unfolded everyday in our own backyards and around. So the aim of the ‘Biodiversity of Home Gardens’ is to portray some of the interesting biodiversity that still remain in the home gardens with intention to improve the quality of home gardens to facilitate the creatures can link the people with nature.
Following article was published on Vidusara on 05.06.2019. I wrote about the methods I used to attract butterflies to our garden, sharing their successes encouraging the readers to follow same.
Common Line-blue butterfly that visited our garden
New Gecko Godagedaras’ Day Gecko – Cnemaspis godagedarai (c) Chen Lee
While Keppetipola Disawe is the best-known chieftain who fought in the 1817 Wellassa rebellion against the British, another warrior, often forgotten, has now been honoured in the naming of a newly-discovered gecko found only in Sri Lanka.
The name of the hero, Godagedara Rate Adhikaram, now lives on in Cnemaspis godagedarai, or Godagedaras’ Day Gecko, which inhabits a small area in Ensalwatte, Deniyaya, in the Matara district.
The new species is a diurnal gecko, active in daytime, unlike nocturnal species such as the common house gecko or “hoona”. It is tiny, 34-35mm long. In comparison, house geckos can grow to 75-150mm. Godagedaras’ Day Gecko was first observed by well-known herpetologist Dr. Anslem de Silva in 2018. Fellow researcher Suranjan Karunaratne combed the Ensalwatte area to find more geckos of same species and establish its identity scientifically.
Their study, co-authored by Aaron M. Bauer and Madhava Botejue, was published this month in the international herpetology peer-reviewed journal, Amphibian and Reptile Conservation.
The forest patches of Ensalwatte are linked to the Sinharaja rainforest and home to a number of creatures found only in the area. Only about six specimens of the newly-discovered gecko have so far been observed, causing it to be categorised as “critically endangered”.
Most geckos do not have eyelids and have to lick their own eyes to clean them of dust and dirt. Specialised toe pads help them to climb vertical surfaces such as walls, or even cross ceilings. Most geckos can detach their tails in defence. Mr. Karunaratne said Godagedaras’ Day Gecko has these abilities.
Sri Lanka’s list of geckos has now risen to 48 with this discovery; nearly all of them are not found anywhere else in the world. Most of the wild geckos are sensitive to environmental changes and most of their habitats are shrinking, making them a group vulnerable to extinction.
New gecko’s Habitat of Ensalwatthe (c) Suranjan Karunarathna
The Asian Koel is known as messenger of traditional Sinhala/Tamil new year celebrated on April, as the male Koel start singing its beautiful song coincide with new year season. Many believe the koel sings only during Avurudu; but according to the bird guide books, the main breeding season of Koel is from March extending to June. As a member of Cuckoo family, Asian Koel is a brood parasite that lays eggs on nest of other birds such as crow. The male Koel provoke crow parents by singing in close range getting them to give a chase abandoning the nest. While the parents are away, the female quickly fly to the nest and lay one or two eggs in crow nest. The koel eggs hatch earlier, so Koel babies are getting bigger sooner. The unwary foster parents continue to feed young koel until they realize it is not their baby.
Not only Asian Koel, other cuckoos too lay eggs on nests of other birds. K.Karu of Thalawathugoda captured such observation in his home garden in Thalawathugoda, where a Hawk Cuckoo was fed by its foster parents – the common babblers. This article was published on Vidusara 17th of July.
Sri Lanka’s fight against the destructive practice of blast fishing may be boosted by a nationwide security crackdown on explosives, instated in the wake of the April 21 Easter Sunday terrorist attacks that killed 259 people.
The frequent use of dynamite to stun and kill fish is destroying Sri Lanka’s marine ecosystems, particularly its coral reefs, conservationists say.
Experts say the crackdown shouldn’t focus only on the fishermen who use explosives, but also on the parties that sell the material to them.
COLOMBO, Sri Lanka — A crackdown on unregulated explosives in the aftermath of deadly terrorist attacks in Sri Lanka may help in the fight against illegal blast fishing in the country’s waters, according to marine researchers.
Security forces plan to launch strict new measures to clamp down on the distribution of explosives following a series of attacks at churches and hotels in and around the commercial capital, Colombo, on Easter Sunday, April 21. The attacks, carried out through suicide bombings, killed 259 people and prompted a massive nationwide security crackdown.
In Sri Lanka, explosive materials are released to licensed parties through the Commercial Explosive Fire Arms Procurement Unit (CEFAP) that operates under the auspices of the navy. Authorities say that much of the unauthorized stock in circulation could have been cached out from explosives released to licensed parties for commercial use, including quarry operations and rock blasting.
“A new monitoring mechanism will be introduced together with considerable penalties for selling [explosives] to unauthorized persons,” Piyal De Silva, the commander of the Sri Lanka Navy, said at an April 29 meeting with manufacturers and distributors of explosives.
Widespread search operations in the wake of the bombings may have already had an effect when it comes to the use of explosives for fishing, said Nishan Perera, a marine biologist with the Blue Resources Trust.
“In the island’s east where there is a thriving fishing industry, blasts close to coral reefs are a daily occurrence. We hear them regularly during diving operations,” he said. “When we dived three weeks after the Easter bombings, we didn’t hear any underwater blasts.”
Dugongs often end up as the unintended victims of dynamite fishing –Image courtesy of Sewvandi Jayakody
A rampant, destructive practice
Blast or dynamite fishing employs explosives to stun or kill large numbers of fish, making it easy for fishermen to collect them. But this method of fishing causes severe damage to marine habitats, including coral reefs.
“Dynamiting fish is more rampant when fishing in shallow waters. They throw explosives near coral reefs where fish are abundant, a practice that damages marine ecosystems including coral reefs and creating a crater full of coral rubble,” he said.
The practice is also highly unsustainable, depleting the marine life and compelling fishermen to use more explosives to ensure similar catches, said Weerakkody, who called it a “chronic and destructive cycle.”
The indiscriminate blasting also affects marine mammals such as dolphins, which follow commercially valuable fish such as tuna that the fishermen target. Around 40 dolphins were killed in a blast-fishing incident in 2013 off Kalpitiya, in northwestern Sri Lanka. The waters in the country’s east and northwest, home to thriving fishing industries, are hotspots for blast fishing.
According to Weerakkody, critically endangered dugongs are a prime target of blast fishing.
“Usually shy, the mother dugong quickly dives at the sight of boats, but calves are often slow to dive. The fishermen wait until mother dugongs resurface near the calves to throw explosives at them,” he said.
At least five dugongs were killed by blast fishing between 2015 and 2017 in Kalpitiya, the same area that witnessed the dolphin deaths, according to an ORCA survey.
An undisturbed reef in Sri Lanka just before dynamite blasting – Image courtesy of Nishan Perera
Cracking down on the source
Efforts to end blast fishing were already being made even before the security crackdown sparked by the Easter Sunday bombings. According to navy statistics, some 63 kilograms (140 pounds) of explosives meant for dynamite fishing were seized by authorities in the first three months of 2019.
Arjan Rajasuriya, who coordinates the coastal and marine program of the IUCN Sri Lanka country office, said the solutions needed to go beyond nabbing the end users of the explosives, to identifying the sellers.
“It is impractical to rely so much on apprehending culprits. We should try to find out how fishermen access explosives,” he said, citing mid-sea smuggling of explosives as one possibility. “A good intelligence network and consistent action could effectively seal off the sources of dynamite.”
Marine conservationist Anouk Ilangakoon agreed. “Those who supply the explosives for blast fishing are known by coastal communities and the police force. They don’t function in isolation. But inaction is due to the absence of political will and poor follow-up action,” he said.
K.D.S. Ruwanchandra, the secretary of the fisheries ministry, told Mongabay that a special task force had been formed in collaboration with the security forces and other stakeholders to better coordinate efforts to protect the marine environment, including regulating the use of explosives for fishing.
Banner image of fish on the seafloor after they were stunned by a blast in Pasikudah, eastern Sri Lanka, courtesy of Nishan Perera.
A hazardous operation to radiocollar one of the last remaining elephants of the Sinharaja rainforest has given new hope that both elephant and human lives can be saved when the two species collide.
The elephant was radiocollared on June 1 by the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) following a strenuous operation in mountain terrain amid leech-infested rainforests.
Signals transmitted every four hours by the GPS collar show the elephant, known as Panu Kota, travelled 52km over the last two months (55 days), crossing two mountain ranges, the DWC’s Director of Veterinary Services, Tharaka Prasad, said.
Dr, Prasad said the signals could be used for “geofencing”, giving warnings if an elephant crosses the border of a village. He explained that a geofence is a virtual perimeter that can be pre-set on the application that uses to monitor elephant movements.
For example, a geofence can be set encircling a village so that whenever an elephant crosses that boundary, an SMS is transmitted to those monitoring the elephant’s movements. This message can be relayed to local DWC staff who can rush to the area and chase the animal back into the forest.
Collaring of Sinharaja Elephant (c) Dr.Malaka Abeywardana
Dr. Prasad said his officers are still working on the geofencing facility and, once set up, it would be an invaluable tool to manage the Sinharaja elephants. The collaring of Panu Kota was carried out with help from the Eco-system Conservation and Management Project (ESCAMP) through a project funded by the World Bank that will see 40 elephants collared in order to better understand their habits and reduce human-elephant conflict, Dr. Prasad said.
Historically, Sri Lanka’s wet zone rainforests teemed with elephants, but now only two, Panu Kota and Loku Aliya, both males, remain in the Sinharaja Forest Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage. A female that had not been sighted for some time is believed dead.
Incursions into villages over the years by these elephants have cost 16 human lives, and last year villagers campaigned for the animals to be moved to another area.
The then minister of Wildlife Conservation, Sarath Fonseka, initially supported the villagers’ demand to relocation but this provoked environmentalists who wanted the elephants to be left free to roam. The DWC then decided to attempt using radiocollars for geofencing.
After being tracked for several days, Panu Kota was sedated by a team led by the area wildlife ranger, Kapila Ranukkanda, and veterinary surgeon, Malaka Abeywardena, in an area known as Dole Kanda.
Wildlife officers worried about how to safely sedate the lonely jumbo in difficult terrain. When an elephant is shot with a sedating dart it must be followed to make sure it does not fall awkwardly and suffocate through having its lungs blocked. If that happens, wildlife vets would have to immediately employ the reversing drugs to get the animal back on to its feet – a dangerous operation.
“We opted for a less powerful drug to sedate the jumbo,” Dr. Abeywardena said, adding that this would increase the risk for the team that followed the elephant but decrease the risk to the elephant. Panu Kota had a gunshot wound in one of its legs and the team used the opportunity to treat the injury, Dr. Abeywardena said. He estimated Panu Kota could be 35 years old.
Panu kota at boader of Tea Estate (c) Nisal Pubudu
Nisal Pubudu, a tea inspector in Pothupitiya, says most villagers in the area loves the animals, seeing them as a source of pride for their area. When a DWC team caught Panu Kota in 1999 to relocate him, villagers, particularly students at Kajuwatta School, protested and forced the release of the elephant.
The home range of the Sinharaja elephants could extend to 22,853 ha, spilling outside the protected area, said Shalith Karunaratne, a young graduate of the University of Sri Jayawardenapura who studied the rainforest elephants.
The elephants roam in seven secretariat divisions covering Kalawana, Kahawattha, Godakawela, Kolonna, Neluwa, Kotapola, Nivithigala, and 29 grama niladari divisions.
Mr. Karunaratne’s research, conducted with the support of ranger Kapila Ranukkanda, shows both the elephants moving around the Dolekanda, Rambuka, Rakwana South and Kathlana Grama niladari divisions from March to July when they are in musth and become aggressive.
At other times, they roam mainly in forest-edge habitats and, at the end of August, the elephants head towards the Morningside cloud forest area of Sinharaja.
This year, no deaths have been reported due to the elephants’ presence, and activists praise wildlife officers for their proactive measures to chase the elephants back into the forest whenever they are reported in villages. The radiocollaring data is expected to paint a more accurate picture about the elephants’ movements.
An instance where both Sinharaja Elephants are together (c) Shalith Karunarathne
A huge, butterfly-like creature sitting calmly inside a house in Ratnapura surprised its owners earlier this week and, as news spread, curious neighbours flocked in to see a beautiful creature none of them had ever seen before – one of the largest moths in the world.
Male Atlast Moth (Attacus taprobanis) – Nuwan Chathuranga
It was an Atlas moth (Attacus taprobanis) – the largest moth species in Sri Lanka, with a wingspan of 25-30cm and a wing surface area of about 400 square cm.
The giant insect’s visit was perfectly timed as this week is Moth Week, celebrating the hundreds of moth species in Sri Lanka.
“The Ratnapura moth is a female,” moth researcher Nuwan Chathuranga said.
Atlas moth caterpillars are eating machines but the adult Atlas moth cannot eat as its mouth is not fully developed, so its lifespan is very short; the moths’ sole aim is to mate and lay eggs.
This explains why the female moth found in Ratnapura sat in one spot, its birthplace, without straying to look for food as other insects do. After emerging from a cocoon, the female Atlas moth usually perches near its birthplace, waiting for males to be attracted to the strong pheromone or sex scent it emits.
A moth antenna has fine hairs containing smell receptors that can identify chemical compounds from long distance. The male Atlas moth’s antennae pick up sex signals from a long distance and send it rushing to the female’s irresistible invitation.
Moths undergo a complete metamorphosis through four different life stages, like butterflies. The larva of the moth emerges from an egg in the form of a caterpillar that feeds on leaves. The caterpillar then turns into a pupa protected by a cocoon or pupating underground before emerging as an adult moth.
“While we do not see Atlas moths every day, they are not that rare as Atlas moths are often reported even in home gardens,” said Himesh Jayasinghe of the Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka (BCSS). Other large and beautiful moths found in this country include lunar moths, also called moon moths, Mr. Jayasinghe said.
While the Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara (Turkey), published a study of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) in Sri Lanka in 2012 that states Sri Lanka is home to 245 butterfly species and 1,658 moth species, Mr. Chathuranga estimates that there could be more than 2,000 species of moths in Sri Lanka.
“I encounter lot of new species of moths during field observations – Sri Lanka has rich moth diversity and further studies will surely increase the number of moths found here,” he said.
Moths are mostly nocturnal and usually rest with its wings down compared to butterflies, that rest with wings closed upward. Moths’ antennae become thinner at the end whilst butterflies usually have a little bob or ball at the end of theirs.
Many consider moths to be dangerous pests while caterpillars. The fall army worm caterpillars, locally known as “sena”, that were responsible for large-scale crop damage recently, were at the larval stage of the fall army worm moth. “Only about 10 per cent of total moth species are to be considered agricultural pests,” Mr. Chathuranga emphasised.“Out of them, only a handful should be considered major agricultural pests.”
Those interested at studying moths can join the Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka at http://bcssl.lk/
A wildlife ranger was tragically killed this week when an elephant whose gunshot wound he was trying to treat suddenly turned and attacked him. Wildlife Guard B.M.C.K. Basnayake was the second wildlife officer killed by an elephant this year and the 75th ranger to die in the course of duty since the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) was established.
Wildlife guard B.M.C.K. Basnayake is the 75th Wildlife officer killed in action
The death occurred when a team from the Nikaweratiya veterinary unit of the Kurunegala Wildlife Range was attempting to treat an elephant locally known as “Kara Patiya” that had an infected gunshot wound in one leg. The team shot the elephant with a dart containing sedatives and followed the elephant through the jungle, waiting for it to fall unconscious so they could tend its wound.
The sedative, however, proved ineffective so a team of three guards with the vet moved closer in to try and shoot a second dart into the injured animal.
But the angry elephant turned unexpectedly and chased the wildlife officers. Mr. Basnayake was a fraction too late getting to safety as he tried to give the other two officers time to get away, and the elephant attacked him. According to some sources, Mr. Basnayake, a wildlife guard with 10 years of experience, had been carrying a loaded gun but had not used it against the elephant.
Ironically, Mr. Basnayake’s untimely death occurred just a week after World Ranger Day on July 31, which honours wildlife and park rangers across the world who have been injured or lost their lives in the line of duty.
Mr. Basnayake was the 75th wildlife officer killed on duty since the DWC was set up in 1949. Fifty of the rangers died fighting wildlife crime, being murdered by poachers or falling victim to deadly traps set for animals by poachers. Fifteen were killed during operations related to elephants.
Worldwide, 149 rangers died in the course of duty last year, according to the International Ranger Federation (IRF), 45 of them killed by poachers, militia and other assailants. Another 23 lost their lives in encounters with the animals they were protecting.
Rangers face increasingly complex problems. “The behaviour of wild animals has changed over time,” an experienced officer who wished to remain anonymous said. “Elephants seem to have become more aggressive as a result of the bad experiences they have had with humans. This has increased the risks faced by wildlife officers in the field.”
Human population growth is another problem, the officer added. “Decades ago, there were only few villages bordering the areas where wildlife roam. But now the wildernesses are surrounded by villages that block the routes the animals take to find food and water, so the conflict with wild animals – particularly with elephants – has increased.”
Mr. Basnayake leaves behind a wife and two children, one a year-old toddler and the other aged five. The families of rangers who are killed on duty receive normal government compensation and additional funds from the Wildlife Welfare Fund but this money is often inadequate even for basic needs such as schooling, the IRF said.
With fewer species of sea cucumbers being recorded in catches, Sri Lanka stands to benefit from a proposal that is calling for increased protection of threatened species under CITES Appendix II.
Experts say there’s good precedent for believing that the listing will raise awareness and spur action to protect the sea cucumbers, citing the example of various shark species that received greater attention after being listed.
A fisherman drying boiled sea cucumbers in the sun image courtesy of Terney Pradeep Kumara.
In the early 1980s, a common sight along the still unpolluted beaches of southern Sri Lanka was that of fisherfolk sun-drying small, blackish, cylindrical objects. They called them sea slugs, sea leeches, or sea cucumbers. These marine invertebrates were so abundant in the shallow coastal regions that they could be picked by hand during low tide.
But growing demand for sea cucumbers, considered a delicacy across Asia, has since driven the largely export-oriented Sri Lankan fishery to unsustainable levels.
After the sea cucumbers in shallow coastal waters were harvested, the populations in deeper areas were targeted by snorkeling fishermen and skin divers. The fishing pressure was so enormous that the sea cucumber fishery in southern Sri Lanka collapsed within a few years.
The eastern coast of the island suffered the same fate, and today the sea cucumber fishery is confined to the northern arc of Sri Lanka. Experts say they fear the remaining sea cucumber populations there, too, will be depleted if not managed properly.
A drive to promote the farming of live sea cucumbers is being attempted in Sri Lanka as an alternative to collecting them from the wild. Image courtesy of Kumudini Ekaratne.
“As mostly scuba divers hand pick sea cucumbers now, the pressure particularly on high value species are high. Some of these high value sea cucumber species are already rare to not available on many sites,” Chamari Dissanayake, from the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, told Mongabay.
Dissanayake was a former research officer at the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA) who studied the sea cucumber fishery. She identified 24 sea cucumber species in Sri Lankan waters, of which 20 have some sort of commercial value.
But the number being caught and sold is fast shrinking. A study published in May this year in the journal Aquatic Living Resources records nine sea cucumber species in commercial catches from November 2015 to January 2017 in Sri Lanka. That’s down from 11 species recorded in a study carried out in 2012, prompting researchers to conclude that some species are already overfished. These include the high-value Holothuria fuscogilva, known as the white teatfish and listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List.
Teatfish are generally in high demand, and overfishing has caused the populations to decline in many countries. H. nobilis, the black teatfish, is another rare species found in the Sri Lankan waters and listed as endangered.
Weak species management systems, overexploitation by fishers, and vulnerable biological traits are the key reasons why teatfish sea cucumbers are under threat across their wide geographic range, said Steven Purcell, an expert on sea cucumbers at Australia’s Southern Cross University.
“The teatfish species of sea cucumbers are impacted by a compounding problem called ‘opportunistic exploitation,’” he told Mongabay. “This occurs when fishers over-harvest high-value species and then shift to harvesting lower-value species but can still collect the last of the high-value ones opportunistically, while they are out in the sea. This means that the high-value species, such as the teatfish types, can be harvested to the level of local extinction.”
The proposal, supported by the European Union, Kenya, Senegal, the Seychelles and the U.S., will be considered at the 18th Conference of Parties (CoP18) to CITES in Geneva from Aug. 17 to 28.
There are three appendices under CITES offering varying degrees of protection for species. Inclusion in Appendix II will require countries to justify, through data collection and research, that exploitation and trade of the teatfish species in question won’t jeopardize their populations in the wild.
A mix of sea cucumbers freshly collected from the ocean bed. Image courtesy of Terney Pradeep Kumara.
For Sri Lanka, that could mean investing in field surveys to determine current population densities of black and white teatfish at multiple sites around the country, and socioeconomic surveys to determine which species, and how many, are collected by fishers, as well as identifying prevailing trading practices, Purcell said. This research would be required for assessing non-detriment findings and to inform decisions about whether trade should be allowed to continue at present levels.
Dissanayake’s research indicates that about 10,000 people depend on the sea cucumber fishery, a key earner of foreign currency.
“A solution has to be found by offering alternative livelihoods,” Dissanayake said.
Sea cucumbers are processed to make bêche-de-mer, a popular delicacy in East Asia. Image courtesy of Terney Pradeep Kumara.
Daniel Fernando, a co-founder of Blue Resources Trust, a marine research and conservation nonprofit, said there was good precedent to believe that achieving CITES listing for the overexploited sea cucumbers would be a key step toward protecting the species.
“Many people still consider marine fish just as a commodity and there is little focus on their protection,” he told Mongabay. “But CITES listing of marine species made lot of people around the globe to change this outlook.”
He pointed in particular to the listing of several shark species in various CITES appendices as helping to spur action for their protection.
“As a result of previous listing of sharks, many countries including Sri Lanka began investing in the protection of the species,” Fernando said. “All these marine species become threatened due to unsustainable fishing practices and lack of management.”
Citations:
Kumara, P. B., Cumaranathunga, P. R., & Linden, O. (2005). Present status of the sea cucumber fishery in southern Sri Lanka: A resource depleted industry. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin, 22, 24-29.
Nishanthan, G., Kumara, A., Prasada, P., & Dissanayake, C. (2019). Sea cucumber fishing pattern and the socio-economic characteristics of fisher communities in Sri Lanka. Aquatic Living Resources,32(12). doi:10.1051/alr/2019009
Banner image of a fisherman drying boiled sea cucumbers in the sun on Sri Lanka’s southern coast, courtesy of Terney Pradeep Kumara.
An unusually large bird found this week on Muthu Panthiya island in Chilaw drew crowds as it had never been observed on land. Stricken by curiosity, the villagers caught the bird and handed over to the Anawilndawa wildlife office.
Surprise visitor: The Frigatebird. Pic by Hiran Priyankara
The bird, blackish with white underparts, had a very long, hooked beak and a wide wingspan and looked clumsy on the land, unable to perch properly. It was later identified as a frigatebird – a large seabird inhabiting tropical and subtropical ocean regions.
Frigatebirds are occasionally observed flying on the sky, but it is very rare to find one on land in Sri Lanka.
Named after a fast warship, frigate birds are fast on the wing, sometimes attacking other birds to steal their fish catch and snatching baby birds from other seabird colonies.
There are five species, and experts believe this bird could be a Christmas Island frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi) or great frigatebird (Fregata minor).
Seabird expert Gary Allport of BirdLife International identified the bird in Chilaw through photographs as a female greater frigatebird aged two or three years.
“Greater frigatebirds are common in the Maldives and the strong monsoon winds could have assisted the bird’s passage from the Maldives to Sri Lanka [about 600km],” seabird expert Rex I. De Silva said.
“The presence of a Christmas Island frigatebird would be more difficult to explain as the bird would have to battle strong monsoon headwinds for approximately 3,600km to get here”.
Mr. De Silva said frigatebirds are notoriously difficult to identify as in a particular growth phase one species could resemble another in a different phase.
Frigatebirds have long and pointed wings that can span up to 2.3metres (7.5 feet). This is the ratio of largest wing area to body weight than any other bird in the world.
The birds feed on fish picked from the ocean’s surface while in flight.
The recent strong monsoon winds and weather might have helped bring the frigatebird to Sri Lanka’s western shores. Just a day prior to its discovery in Chilaw, Mr. De Silva, on his social media platform, “Seabird Watch (Sri Lanka)”, posted a note that the bad weather should be ideal for observing the seabirds as this is also the period of a mass seabird migration.
“August-September is in fact the best time to observe the great mass migration of seabirds. During the peak in September as many as 3,000-4,000 bridled terns (Sterna anaethetus) fly southwards within sight of shore in one hour,” states Mr. De Silva who has studied this fascinating phenomenon over many years.
Many seabirds take part in long annual migrations, crossing the equator after the breeding season. Nearly 50 seabird species have been recorded on the west coast of Sri Lanka.
One of the main studies conducted by Seabird Watch (Sri Lanka), a 13-year study of the mass migration of bridled terns off the west coast, is the most comprehensives and long-lasting study on seabirds in the northern Indian Ocean.
BirdLife International, the umbrella organisation of world’s bird conservation organisations states seabirds have become the world’s most threatened bird group, recording steep declines in populations almost everywhere.
There are only 2,400-4,800 mature Christmas Island frigatebirds thought to remain in the wild according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.