Published on SundayTimes on 18.08.2024 https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240818/news/owl-saved-from-drowning-flies-away-after-tlc-567938.html

While staying at a tourist bungalow near Wasgamuwa recently, IT professional Niroshan Jayasuriya stepped out of his room one morning around 7 a.m. when he noticed the caretaker trying to console something. On closer inspection, Mr. Jayasuriya saw that it was a little owl struggling in a pool of water trapped in a cement ring.

With the caretaker’s help, Mr. Jayasuriya quickly rescued the owl from the water. “At first, we thought it was a baby owl due to its small size, but then we realized it was an adult as it had powerful talons,” Mr. Jayasuriya told the Sunday Times. They dried the owl as much as they could and wrapped it in a towel.

To their dismay, the little owl closed its eyes, appearing to give up. However, Jayasuriya wasn’t ready to give up on it. He gently rubbed the owl, trying to keep it warm, and to their delight, the owl suddenly opened its eyes.

They brought the owl inside into the kitchen and closed the doors and windows. The owl began to recover but showed signs of panic and tried to escape. Unsure of what else to do, Mr. Jayasuriya instinctively began whistling. “The owl responded to the whistle, looking at me attentively and calming down,” Mr. Jayasuriya recounted.

Since it was broad daylight and the owl was a nocturnal creature, they decided to wait until nightfall to release it. They kept the owl in the kitchen until 7 p.m. before letting it go. The owl took a final look at its rescuers before flying off towards its companions in the nearby woods.

“It was one of the most joyful moments of my life,” Mr. Jayasuriya shared with the Sunday Times.

The small owl they rescued was a Jungle Owlet (Glaucidium radiatum). Native to the Indian subcontinent, this diminutive owl typically measures about 19 to 21 centimetres (7.5 to 8.3 inches) in length, with a wingspan of about 35 to 40 centimetres (14 to 16 inches). It usually weighs between 100 and 150 grams (3.5 to 5.3 ounces). Although mainly active at dawn and dusk, the Jungle Owlet is also known to call and fly during the daytime. It often roosts in tree cavities.

Published on SundayTimes on 25.08.2024 https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240825/news/the-worlds-fastest-bird-that-rules-the-skies-of-colombo-568588.html

Ardent birdwatcher Priyanath Kotalawela often visits his favourite birding spot along the walking path of Kimbulawela in Thalawathugoda whenever he has some time. On August 17 he was on one such stroll when he spotted a falcon. Upon closer inspection, Mr. Kotalawela realized it was a Shaheen falcon—a subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, known as the world’s fastest bird.

The Peregrine falcon is famous for its incredible speed, reaching up to 300 km/h (200 mph) during a stoop or dive for prey. This speed is more than double that of the world’s fastest land animal, the cheetah, which can reach speeds of up to 120 km/h (75 mph). The Peregrine falcon flies high in the sky, and once it singles out its prey, it dives rapidly. This velocity increases the power of its attack, often causing the prey to die instantly without realizing what hit it.

The Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is a rare but regular migratory bird in Sri Lanka. However, the Shaheen falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator), also known as the Black Shaheen, is a resident breeding bird in Sri Lanka. The Shaheen falcon has darker upper parts and rufous underparts compared to the migratory species.

These falcons roam in the city of Colombo and if carefully scan the surroundings, particularly near tall buildings or communication towers, birdwatchers may be lucky to spot the bird, says Kithsiri Gunawardena, the secretary of the Ceylon Bird Club. High-rise buildings in Colombo, such as the Bank of Ceylon and World Trade Center twin towers, are frequented by these falcons. Mr. Gunawardena recalls seeing both the Shaheen and Peregrine falcons in Kotikawatte, Rajagiriya, and even on top of the water tank of the National Hospital near his residence.

While Peregrine falcons typically build their nests on cliffs and, in Europe, on tall buildings, there are no breeding records of Shaheen falcons in Colombo. “The Shaheen falcon may be breeding in mountainous terrains on the outskirts of Colombo, and with its speed, it can easily reach the heart of the country’s busy capital,” Gunawardena told Sunday Times.

The city offers ample hunting opportunities with plenty of pigeons and other birds that are common prey for Peregrine falcons. “I’ve seen them hunting pigeons on numerous occasions,” Mr. Gunawardena told Sunday Times.

Peregrine falcons are generally seen in Colombo during the winter months when they migrate south from their breeding grounds in Europe and Asia. During this time, birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts have a good chance of spotting these majestic birds in action in Sri Lanka. The presence of Peregrine falcons in Colombo highlights the city’s diverse birdlife and underscores the importance of urban areas as habitats for wildlife, even for species typically associated with more remote or natural environments.

Mr. Kotalawela notes that the Kimbulawela walking path, which is about 100 meters long, is a rich birding spot. “This urban oasis is teeming with life, from migrant and resident bird species to reptiles and insects. It serves as a living classroom, teaching us the importance of preserving precious habitats even in a city,” says Mr. Kotalawela. Previously, on May 23, 2024, he recorded a Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (Merops persicus) from this same locality, marking the first record of this migratory species in Sri Lanka.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240901/news/vast-crowds-take-the-joy-out-of-elephant-attraction-569844.html Published on SundayTimes on 01.09.2024

The Elephant Transit Home (ETH) in Udawalawe is a big attraction but during long weekends and special holidays, the experience can be daunting because of overcrowding.

A few weeks ago, there was severe congestion when students from several schools visited simultaneously on the last day of the second term. Tour guides reported that large local crowds inconvenienced foreign tourists. The main highlight at the ETH is the time when elephant calves are fed with milk. This can be viewed from a pavilion that accommodates about 350 visitors. However, on busy days, it is packed.

Elephant calves being fed milk: Highlight at the Udawalawe Transit Home. Pix by Z. Thomas

Some foreign tourists who came to watch the elephants end up frustrated, unable to enjoy the experience at Udawalawe. While local visitors pay Rs. 100, foreign tourists are charged US$5, roughly Rs. 1,500. “It’s frustrating that they can’t have the experience they expect due to overcrowding,” said Sanjaya Madushan, a tour guide who was accompanying a couple of French tourists.

Mr Madushan said while locals should have access to the facility, satisfaction should be ensured for foreign visitors. “Perhaps developing a separate section of the pavilion for foreign tourists would be a good idea,” suggested guide Mr Dammika. “This way, they can observe the elephants more freely.’’

Sameera Weerathunga, an elephant researcher in Udawalawe who carries out educational programs, said: “ETH is a treasure trove, especially for students, so everyone should be prepared to explore and gain knowledge beyond just watching the milk feeding.’’

Meanwhile, the Elephant Knowledge Walk at the Udawalawe Elephant Transit Home was launched earlier this year to raise awareness and understanding of elephants and their plight. It was created in partnership with the Department of Wildlife Conservation and Dilmah Conservation. “Visitors, especially
locals, should visit the centre,”Mr. Weerathunga told the Sunday Times.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240929/news/post-harvest-losses-fresh-leadership-and-a-new-initiative-572692.html Published on SundayTimes on 29.09.2024

In the fertile lands of Nuwara Eliya, farmers harvest cabbages the size of an average jackfruit. However, by the time they are ready for consumption, they shrink to the size of a breadfruit, as several outer leaves become rotten or damaged and must be removed. In Sri Lanka, approximately 38% of fruits and vegetables are lost post-harvest.

Around 38% of fruits and vegetables are lost post-harvest Pix by Eshan Fernando

During his campaign, the newly elected president, Anura Kumara Dissanayake, addressed this issue, promising, “If I come to power, I will take action to reduce this post harvest loss which impacts both farmers and consumers”

Last Sunday, Sri Lankans chose Mr. Dissanayake as their president. Interestingly, exactly a week into his presidency, the first globally recognised day under his leadership is the International Day of Awareness on Food Loss and Waste Reduction, perfectly aligning with a key campaign promise.

This international day, designated by the United Nations in 2019, highlights the urgent need to tackle the vast quantities of food lost and wasted globally.

Sri Lanka already has a dedicated institution for this cause—the National Institute of Post Harvest Management (NIPHM)—which operates under the Ministry of Agriculture to improve post-harvest technologies. While acknowledging NIPHM’s efforts, President Dissanayake emphasised the need for these technologies to be implemented at the grassroots level to effectively reduce losses.

The largest loss in Sri Lanka occurs during transportation. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, approximately 221,955 metric tons of vegetables and 290,151 metric tons of fruits are wasted annually during transport due to improper handling. This equates to 19% of vegetables and 21% of fruits being lost each year.

President Dissanayake stressed the importance of packaging in reducing these losses, noting that in developed countries, packaging is a standalone industry. “Farmers’ associations or private investments could handle packaging in agriculture sector, also creating new jobs in the process,” he said during his campaign.

He also pointed out the critical need for increased storage facilities. “Governments have not prioritized setting up enough storage facilities for vegetables and fruits. Proper storage allows surplus harvests to be saved for future use, stabilising prices and benefiting both farmers and consumers,” he added.

Now, with the presidency in his hands, Dissanayake has the opportunity to turn his campaign promises into action, benefiting both consumers and farmers alike.

At the same time, an ambitious initiative known as the CIRCULAR Project, led by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), is set to launch in Sri Lanka with the support from the European Union (EU). The project aims to address food loss and waste using a circular economy approach, which emphasises reusing, recycling, and optimising resources across the food supply chain.

The project will be implemented in Colombo, Nuwara Eliya, and Galle, involving data-driven assessments of food loss and waste, states Carmen Moreno, Ambassador of the European Union to Sri Lanka, and Vimlendra Sharan, FAO Representative in Sri Lanka. It will also support the adoption of digital tools to help stakeholders along the food chain identify and address the root causes of waste.

Additionally, the project will contribute to the recovery and reuse of food waste, improving food access for vulnerable communities and reducing the environmental footprint of the food supply chain. By tackling food loss and waste, it aims to enhance food security, improve rural livelihoods, and support sustainable agricultural growth, Mr. Sharan noted.

While many ambitious projects have been initiated in Sri Lanka, they often falter once funding dries up. However, with a fresh president who has promised a new direction for the country, this FAO-backed initiative presents a unique opportunity. The president’s vision for reducing post-harvest losses seems aligns perfectly with the CIRCULAR Project.

This collaboration could be the perfect platform for President Dissanayake to demonstrate how to use the science and technology to lead Sri Lanka toward a more sustainable future.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240929/news/environmentalists-say-kidnaturalist-programme-best-answer-to-draw-children-away-from-digital-addiction-572766.html published on SundayTimes on 29.09.2024

As World Children’s Day falls on October 1, the focus has fallen on the importance of getting more schoolgoing children to be a part of the KidNaturalist programme conducted by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to veer them away from digital over dependency.

Recent studies show that children spend more time on digital devices than ever before. A study in the US found that screen time of children aged 8–12 had increased by nearly 50% between 2015 and 2019, averaging almost five hours per day outside of school-related activities.

With the increased use of digital devices for educational purposes during the COVID pandemic,
Sri Lankan children too have become ‘digital addicts’ often without realising it.Releasing butterflies raised from catepillarsChildren can learn about Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity in their own home gardens

The situation is expected to worsen, impacting younger generations further. To combat digital overdependence, a senior lecturer at the Open University, Dr. Jayantha Wattavidane, advocates encouraging children to reconnect with nature. “Exploring the natural world can serve as a balancing act,” he says.

Dr. Wattavidane, a respected academic, environmental scientist, and conservationist, highlights the rich biodiversity available in Sri Lanka, providing ample opportunities for children to explore. “In our own backyards, we can observe ants carrying food many times their size, colourful birds with unique songs, and various leaf shapes. There are also fascinating life cycles of butterflies and frogs to study. Encouraging children to explore their surroundings is crucial,” he adds.

In response to the need to reconnect with nature, the National Science Foundation (NSF) launched the ‘KidNaturalist’ programme during the COVID period. Explaining the initiative, Head, Division of Science Communication and Outreach of NSF, Dr. Dilrukshi Ranathunga, says, “We introduced this programme when children were confined to their homes, to provide them an opportunity to connect with nature.”

Children in grades 1 to 6 were encouraged to observe interesting phenomena in their surroundings, document their observations systematically, and create a journal of their findings. “The programme received a fantastic response with children making remarkable observations of their own,” notes Dr. Ranathunga.

Following the success of the initial KidNaturalist programme, the NSF has decided to continue it. “This is more than just a competition. We no longer select who wins, but instead choose the top 10 projects from each age group to be named KidNaturalists,” Dr. Ranathunga told the Sunday Times.

Sarvodi Rathnasooriya, who is a teacher and mother of a 2023 KidNaturalist in the grade 5 category, shared her daughter’s experience: “The programme gave her a chance to learn how to document her observations systematically. She observed a nesting of Munia birds on our verandah and witnessed the challenges faced by the nest, including a cat’s attempt to hunt them and a rat snake’s predation.”

Dulithi Nethumsa from Sujatha Vidyalaya, Matara, documented the life cycle of Common Grass Yellow butterflies, which lay eggs on the Kathuru Murunga tree. “We collected green caterpillars, fed them Kathuru Murunga leaves daily, and raised over 100 butterflies during the project. We then released them back into the environment,” 10-year-old Nethumsa said.

There are many more interesting nature-related phenomena that KidNaturalists observed during the past few years, Dr. Ranathunga recounted. This type of interaction with and exposure to nature, besides being educational, will be relaxing and rewarding to children, and we believe that the KidNaturalist programme will produce nature lovers who are a rare breed today, Prof. Ranjith Senaratne, the chairperson of NSF, told the Sunday Times.

The KidNaturalists 2024 programme is currently underway, with the deadline for submissions extended to October 11 to allow those who sat for the grade 5 scholarship exam to participate. Dr. Ranathunga encourages children in grades 1 to 6 to find a project and work on a report. Interested parents can contact the NSF by calling 0112696771 (ext. 185).

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/241006/news/panaduras-tailless-dolphin-exposes-bycatch-brutality-573455.html Published on SundayTimes on 06.10.2024

On Friday, October 4, a dolphin carcass washed ashore on Panadura beach, along the West coast. Onlookers were shocked to find the dolphin’s tail missing, with a sharp cut indicating the involvement of human activity.

According to Dr. Ranil Nanayakkara, a conservation biologist specialising in marine mammals, dolphins often follow large schools of fish and get entangled in fishing nets. Fishermen, trying to save their nets from damage caused by the dolphin’s powerful tail movements, sometimes resort to brutal solution of cutting off the tails of the trapped dolphins.

Dolphin without its tail in Panadura. Pic by Chameera Fernando

Gayan Wijethunga, a naturalist with experience on Sri Lanka’s east coast, mentioned that he had seen several similar cases, particularly in the Trincomalee area, where dolphin carcasses were found without tails.  

A 2020 study by Dr. Charles Anderson estimated that tuna fishers using gillnets in the Indian Ocean unintentionally caught 4.1 million dolphins and cetaceans between 1950 and 2018. In Sri Lanka, home to 15 species of dolphins, the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) accounted for over half of the cetacean bycatch, which aligns with the fact that the Panadura carcass was also identified as a spinner dolphin.

A necropsy by Dr. Suhada Jayawardana, a veterinary surgeon from the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), revealed signs of inner ear damage in the carcass, suggesting the dolphin had also been exposed to an explosive blast, likely dynamite. Dr. Jayawardana noted that fishermen may use explosives to stun or kill dolphins entangled in nets before cutting off their tails to free them.

The dolphin’s carcass was relatively fresh, indicating the incident
happened the previous night, or within 24 hours of discovery.

Marine conservationists worldwide have been advocating for the use of banana pingers—acoustic devices that emit sound waves to alert and deter dolphins from getting too close to fishing nets, reducing accidental bycatch. Dr. Nanayakkara suggests that Sri Lanka should seriously consider adopting this technology to protect its marine life while maintaining sustainable fishing practices.

This tragic incident serves as a reminder of the challenges dolphins face due to unsustainable fishing practices and highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to prevent further harm to these majestic marine mammals.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/241020/news/look-out-for-exhausted-pittas-574634.html published on SundayTimes on 20.10.2024

As the southernmost landmass along the Central Asian Flyway for migratory birds, Sri Lanka attracts over 200 winter visitors, who start arriving from the end of August. Many of the migrants are already here but bird lovers are on the watch out for that special migrant in October.

“The Indian Pitta, known as avichchiya in Sinhala, is one of the migratory birds that arrives in October, particularly in the second half of the month,” says ornithologist Jagath Gunawardena.

Indian Pitta found in a home garden. Pic by Sarath N. Senanayake

Being a relatively large bird, the Indian Pitta can become exhausted after long flights, leading to disorientation. As a result, these birds are often found in home gardens and even indoors during their initial arrival. This leaves them vulnerable to predations, especially domestic cats and aggressive birds like crows.

“During October and November, many wounded or exhausted birds are brought to the Wild Animal Rescue Centre in Attidiya, which is managed by the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC),” says veterina ry surgeon Dr. Suhada Gunawardena. If you encounter an exhausted Indian Pitta, start by inspecting it for any broken wings or wounds. In such cases, you can contact the DWC hotline at +94 11 2 888 585 for assistance.

If the bird appears healthy, keep it in a dark, quiet and warm location, safe from predators. If it seems weak, you can offer small amounts of low-concentration glucose saline with Vitamin C if it is conscious. If the bird is able to fly, release it in a safe environment, ideally at sunrise, says Dr. Gunawardena.   He empahsised the importance of handling birds gently to avoid injury. “Never hold a bird by its wings, legs, or tail, as this can cause serious harm,” he cautions.

The Indian Pitta is native to northern India and typically remains in Sri Lanka until April. It is often referred to as the “Six o’clock” bird due to its habit of calling at sunrise and sunset. Some Indian Pittas tend to call more frequently before leaving their winter territories, leading some people to believe they arrive in April during the Avurudu season,” adds Dr. Gunawardena. Last Saturday, October 12 was International Migratory Bird Day for Sri Lanka and countries in the Southern hemisphere. The theme this year was “Protect Insects, Protect Birds”, highlighting the importance of insects particularly for migratory birds and concerns on the decreasing populations of insects.

The Field Ornithology Group (FOGSL), based at the University of Colombo also launched a citizen science programme, “Neighbourhood Migrant Bird Watch” inviting the public to share interesting observations of migratory birds through email arrivingmigrantssurvey@gmail.com.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/241027/news/young-zoologists-on-an-artistic-foray-575372.html published on SundayTimes on 27.10.2024

Operating from the National Zoological Gardens in Dehiwala, the Young Zoologists’ Association (YZA) is one of Sri Lanka’s leading organisations for environmental education. It promotes wildlife art and ethical wildlife photography, providing young enthusiasts an invaluable platform to exhibit their talents through an annual exhibition.

This year’s exhibition titled Kin Wild featured wildlife paintings and sketches by aspiring young artists. As Sri Lanka’s longest-running wildlife art exhibition, it has become an enduring tradition ever since the YZA founded its Wildlife Arts group in 1989, holding its first exhibition the following year.

Creating wildlife art requires a unique skill set, as artists must understand the anatomy and behaviour of animals to capture them authentically. YZA members are able to gain such knowledge through the association’s regular education programmes, held every Sunday at the zoo.Young talent on display: From paintings and sketches to photography

With the rise of digital photography, many aspire to become wildlife photographers, but YZA instills in its members a sense of responsibility, training them to capture images that respect and preserve the natural world. The association’s photography group offers guidance on capturing conservation-focused angles, with their exhibition Young Eye on Nature running alongside the wildlife arts showcase.

Founded in 1972 by former Zoo Director and conservationist Lyn de Alwis, the YZA encourages young Sri Lankans to study and conserve nature while honing skills like drawing and photography.

More than 100 wildlife paintings, sketches, and photographs were on display at this year’s exhibition, held at the J.D.A. Perera Gallery, Faculty of Visual Arts, 46 Horton Place, Colombo-07.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/241103/news/deepavali-celebrations-draw-together-all-faiths-at-walpola-rahula-institute-576027.html Published on 03.11.2024

The Hindus of Sri Lanka and around the world celebrated the Deepavali festival a few days ago, on October 31. In line with Deepavali, a group of Hindu followers gathered to celebrate the festival that welcomed participants from various religions, primarily Buddhists.

The event took place on October 25 at the Walpola Rahula Institute (WRI), located by the banks of the Diyawanna Oya. It featured traditional poojas and rituals performed by Hindus to commemorate Deepavali, along with cultural performances of dance and music presented by Hindu children and youth. This provided a unique experience for the Buddhist attendees and followers of other faiths as these are practiced only in Hindu households.

“We aim to make our teachings practical, promoting the message of humanity beyond religious boundaries. Understanding the basic values, practices, and traditions of other faiths is a crucial step towards achieving religious harmony and the Deepavali celebration is part of WRI’s initiative to foster interreligious and cultural dialogue,” said Head of WRI Galkande Dhammananda Thera.

A similar event was held on the last Vesak Poya day, giving followers of other religions insight into Buddhist celebrations. Ven. Dhammananda Thera mentioned that similar events for major Christian and Muslim occasions would also follow.

“Deepavali, known as the Festival of Lights, symbolises the triumph of light over darkness and is a significant event for Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus,” said Kanagarathnam Alagan, who helped organize the event. “We are delighted to celebrate Deepavali alongside our Sri Lankan brethren of other faiths, and we hope to see the light together.”

Events like this can help dispel misunderstandings between communities. Mr. Kanagarathnam shared that the Tamil community appreciated the invitation to participate in a Buddhist center’s cultural celebration. “Many members of my community have never stepped into a Buddhist institute or met a Buddhist monk, often believing it wouldn’t be appropriate or that they wouldn’t be welcomed. This event helps break that misconception, and now many participants want to visit Dhammananda Thera to continue the religious dialogue,” he added.

For any community, society, or nation that has experienced violent conflict and is striving to rebuild, it is essential to consider healing the minds and hearts of all involved—victims, perpetrators, and those who witnessed the conflict from a distance.

Dhammananda Thera said that we all carry wounds in our hearts in different ways. “When we are unaware of our own wounds, we continue to hurt others, perpetuating a cycle of conflict. Our goal is to raise awareness of these wounds and to promote religious harmony,” he said.

The late Dr. Walpola Rahula Thera, founder of WRI, championed the idea of transcending religious, ethnic, or social labels to uplift society. He was the first Buddhist monk to enter a university, in the 1930s, despite facing resistance from the majority of the Buddhist community at that time. It was Sarawanamutthu Thangaraja, a Tamil gentleman from Jaffna, who supported Walpola Rahula, demonstrating that people from different faiths can and should support one another when necessary, concluded Dhammananda Thera.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/241110/news/sudden-algal-bloom-dealt-death-blow-to-trincos-triggerfish-577483.html published on SundayTimes on 10.11.2024

Thousands of dead triggerfish found washed ashore on Trincomalee beaches likely died due to factors associated with an algal bloom, according to scientists.

Trincomalee is renowned for its serene beaches, but certain areas recently turned foul-smelling due to thousands of decaying fish washing ashore and floating in the shallow bays. Onlookers speculated various causes, from pollution and temperature changes to an impending natural disaster or even a bizarre case of mass fish suicide.

The fish die-off occurred between October 29th and November 1st, coinciding with Halloween week, sparking eerie rumors of supernatural occurrences. The affected species, the Red-toothed Triggerfish (Odonus niger), is named for its distinctive red teeth visible when the mouth is closed. The sight of these fish might easily inspire Halloween-themed stories, perhaps invoking images of Dracula-like creatures.

However, the mass death of triggerfish in Trincomalee is linked to a natural phenomenon – a sudden algal bloom, explained Dr. Sujeewa Athukoorala, a Senior Scientist at the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA). Analysis of satellite imagery from the affected period revealed a high-density algal bloom in Trincomalee’s waters. The thick algal layer likely caused oxygen depletion in the fish’s habitat. Additionally, the dense algae can clog the gills of triggerfish, impairing their respiration. This combination of low oxygen and gill blockage led to the mass mortality event, according to Dr. Athukoorala.

Sri Lanka experienced heavy rainfall throughout October, and the Mahaweli River, which flows into the sea at Trincomalee, likely brought large volumes of freshwater and nutrients into the marine environment. Torrential rain often carries excess nutrients, potentially triggering algal blooms, Dr. Athukoorala told the Sunday Times.

The Red-toothed Triggerfish typically inhabits seaward coral reefs with strong currents, often forming aggregations while feeding on zooplankton and sponges. Juveniles are found in isolated rubble patches or crevices that provide suitable shelter. The species can grow up to 50 cm, with an average length of 30 cm. “During this mortality event, the sampled fish were juveniles, measuring between 10 to 15 cm in length,” noted Dr. Athukoorala.

Triggerfish called as ‘pothubari’ in Sinhala are more environmentally sensitive than many other marine species, making them particularly vulnerable to changes in their surroundings. A similar mass mortality event involving mainly triggerfish occurred in the Maldives in 2016, linked to high sea temperatures, coral bleaching, and subsequent algal blooms, resulting in oxygen depletion.

In the case of Trincomalee’s fish die-off, temperature data from the surrounding area indicated an average of 30°C during the three-day period. Since no sudden spikes in temperature were observed, a temperature change is unlikely to have caused the mass mortality, Dr. Athukoorala confirmed to the Sunday Times.

Red-toothed Triggerfish (Odonus niger), is named for its distinctive red teeth visible when the mouth is closed © Waikikiaquarium.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250119/news/rare-daytime-hunter-shows-importance-of-urban-biodiversity-585077.html Published in the SundayTimes on 10.01.2025

A rare migrant bird has been sighted in Sri Lanka just as the island was ready to welcome the new year. Bird observer Moditha Kodikara Arachchi had seen the bird at dusk in Attidiya, Dehiwala, where he lives. Mr. Kodikara Arachchi saw a large owl’s silhouette across the sky. The bird circled a few times, allowing him enough time to grab his camera and capture several shots before it glided towards the coast. He later identified the bird as a Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus), a migratory bird species rarely recorded in Sri Lanka.

He has a history of documenting unique sightings in Sri Lanka. Mr Kodikara Arachchi described the encounter as magical. “I was casually scanning the skies during my usual routine when a large bird’s elegant flight pattern and distinct markings caught my attention,” he recalled. He thinks his pictures are the first photographic evidence of Short-eared Owl in Sri Lanka.

The Short-eared Owl, characterised by its striking yellow eyes, mottled brown plumage, and distinctive ‘ear’ tufts, is a medium-sized owl known for its daytime hunting habits, according to published materials. Found in open habitats such as grasslands, tundra, and marshes across the Northern Hemisphere; the Short-eared Owl migrates southward, often covering vast distances during the winter, according to publications.

Rare sighting: Short-eared owl captured by Moditha Kodikara Arachchige in Attidiya

These owls are considered rare migrants, often classified as vagrants, with sightings typically confined to northern and eastern regions. Its unexpected presence in Colombo raises intriguing questions about its migratory routes and habitat preferences.

Sri Lanka boasts over 500 bird species, and Mr Kodikara Arachchi recently celebrated recording his 400th bird species — a milestone few birders achieve.

The sighting highlights the significance of urban biodiversity and the role that individuals play in documenting and protecting it, noted Dr. Jagath Gunawardane, a veteran environmental lawyer and avid birdwatcher. Birdwatchers like Mr. Kodikara Arachchi demonstrate how personal passion can contribute to a broader understanding of wildlife.

This also underscored Colombo’s potential as a haven for diverse birdlife amid urban development, says Dr. Gunawardane who emphasised the importance of promoting citizen science in Sri Lanka. Such efforts provide valuable insights into species’ ranges and populations to help conservation efforts.

The fleeting visit of the Short-eared Owl serves as a gentle reminder of nature’s surprises and the importance of cherishing and protecting our shared environment.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250126/news/pets-or-pests-our-arboreal-acrobats-have-their-day-585789.html published on SundayTimes on 26.01.2025

With their cuddly, baby-like faces, energetic dashes through tree branches, and sharp calls, palm squirrels are among the friendliest members of urban wildlife, often seen in home gardens. These charming creatures, however, have lesser-known relatives that inhabit forested or densely wooded areas.

To celebrate and appreciate these fascinating animals, Squirrel Appreciation Day is observed annually on January 21.

Originally established in 2001 and primarily celebrated in the Western world, particularly by American nature enthusiasts, Squirrel Appreciation Day has also become an opportunity for Sri Lankan nature lovers to explore the diverse members of the squirrel family, says Sampath De Alwis Goonatilake of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Dusky – striped squirrel ( endemic )

Squirrels belong to the family Sciuridae, named after the Greek word meaning “shadow-tailed,” in reference to their long, bushy tails. Sri Lanka is home to six species of squirrels in this family, categorized as striped squirrels, giant squirrels, and flying squirrels.

The most common striped squirrel is the three-striped palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum), identified by its three white or pale stripes running along its back, with the central stripe extending from the neck to the tail. Known locally as ‘lena’ in Sinhala and ‘anil’ in Tamil, this species has four subspecies in Sri Lanka, each with minor variations in appearance.

Two other striped squirrels are largely confined to forested areas: the Dusky-striped Squirrel (Funambulus obscurus) and the Flame-striped Jungle Squirrel (Funambulus layardi). Both species are endemic to Sri Lanka and categorized as “Vulnerable” due to their restricted habitats and reliance on forest cover.

Sri Lanka also hosts two species of flying squirrels, which are remarkable for their ability to glide between trees. These nocturnal creatures use a thin membrane of skin, stretching from their wrists to their ankles, as a glider wing, with their bushy tails acting as rudders for steering and stabilization during flight.

Known locally as ‘hambawa’ in Sinhala and ‘parrakkum-anil’ in Tamil, the two species are the Giant Grey Flying Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis) and the Small Flying Squirrel (Petinomys fuscocapillus).

According to Goonatilake, studying the wild squirrels in the wild is difficult due to their shy nature, unlike the palm squirrel, which tolerates close human presence. However, habitat loss and fragmentation are significant threats to wild squirrels’ survival.

Palm squirrel

The Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura) has garnered particular attention for its destructive feeding habits, especially in coconut plantations nowadays. This species, the largest member of the squirrel family in Sri Lanka, measures about 35 cm in body length, with a tail of similar size. Sri Lanka hosts three subspecies of the giant squirrel, which are distinguishable by colouration, with darker individuals found in the wet zone.

While the giant squirrel is often labelled a pest, its behavior is partly a consequence of deforestation, says Prof. Sampath Seneviratne of the University of Colombo. Historically, these squirrels relied on fruiting trees in forests, but the clearing of these areas has driven them to farmland in search of food.

Giant squirrel. Pix by Sarath De Vass Gunawardane

Aerial predators such as the Black Eagle once controlled squirrel populations. However, habitat destruction has diminished the presence of these predators, contributing to an increase in giant squirrel numbers, says Prof.Seneviratne. Black Eagles, which prey on giant squirrels during their breeding season, are now less common, further enabling the expansion of giant squirrel populations, Prof. Seneviratne who is also an ornithologist explains.

Squirrels, from the familiar palm squirrel in our gardens to the elusive flying squirrels of the forests, are integral to Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity. Squirrel Appreciation Day offers an opportunity to reflect on the importance of these creatures, understand the challenges they face, and promote their conservation in an ever-changing landscape.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250216/news/sightings-of-elusive-golden-jackal-underline-importance-of-colombos-wetlands-587841.html published on SundayTimes 16.02.2025

Recently, the wetlands of Thalangama and Kimbulawela have become the stage for the remarkable sightings of  the elusive golden jackal (Canis aureus), a species rarely found in Colombo suburbs. While these sightings in the capital city of Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte are exciting, they also serve as a crucial reminder of the vital role wetlands play in supporting biodiversity.

One such sighting occurred on February 1 at the Thalangama Wetlands, where bird enthusiast Chathura De Silva came across a family of three golden jackals. Visiting the wetlands early in the morning to photograph birds, Mr. De Silva had been waiting for the right moment to photograph a flock of Munias, when something else caught his eye as he peered through his camera — a dog-like figure. On closer inspection however, he realised it was not a dog  but a golden jackal.

A chance encounter: Golden Jackals at Thalangama. Pic by Chathura De Silva

“I had been waiting silently to photograph the birds, therefore the jackals had come very close without noticing me,” Mr. De Silva said. “I’ve seen a golden jackal here once before, but it scurried off before I could capture a photo,” he said.

This sighting took place just one day before World Wetlands Day on February 2, highlighting the urgent need to protect these crucial habitats.

Golden jackals are a rare sight in Colombo’s suburbs, but another notable encounter was reported two months earlier on December 4, last year at the Kimbulawela Wetlands, close to Parliament. A pair of jackals was spotted at around 6.45 a.m. by birdwatcher Priyanath Kotalawela. “There’s a paddy field at Kimbulawela, but on this particular morning, the farmers were absent. Perhaps this allowed the jackals to move freely,” he speculated.

For the next three days, the jackals were repeatedly observed in the same area, leading Mr. Kotalawela to believe they belonged to a family with a home range near Pamunuwa. Though he had been trying to photograph these elusive canines for over two years at a location one of his friends had tipped him off about, they had always managed to evade his lens.

Despite their rarity in Colombo, golden jackals still persist in wetland habitats around the city, according to Sampath Seneviratne, a professor at the University of Colombo. “Additionally there is a scattered populationin the wetlands around Malabe, and roadkill incidents have been reported along the Galanigama stretch of the Southern Expressway,” he noted.

Prof. Seneviratne, along with researchers Uthpalawarna Jayaweera and Chandika Jayaratne, co-authored the comprehensive monograph The Way of the Jackal, which explores the species’ taxonomy, behaviour, vocalisations, and ecological significance.

Typically found in Sri Lanka’s dry zone, golden jackals have long been part of the island’s natural heritage and folklore. Wetlands provide them with an ideal hunting ground, offering both ample food and shelter.

However, jackal populations across Sri Lanka are in decline. Prof. Seneviratne estimates that over the past 30 to 40 years, their numbers have dropped by as much as 60%, with local extinctions occurring in several regions.

These recent sightings underscore the importance of preserving Colombo’s remaining wetlands—not only for the jackals but for the many other species that depend on these ecosystems for survival.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250223/news/new-spiders-named-after-village-in-the-jungle-characters-588723.html published on SundayTimes on 23.02.2025

Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity has once again proven to be a treasure trove for science with the discovery of six new palp-footed spiders by Prof. Suresh Benjamin, the country’s leading arachnologist. In a marriage of science and literature, three of these new spiders have been named after key characters from Village in the Jungle, the classic novel by Leonard Woolf, and another named after the author himself.

Among the newly described species, Palpimanus silindu pays tribute to the novel’s protagonist, Silindu—a farmer who survives by hunting in the jungle. Just as resilient as Silindu’s character, this spider thrives in the dense undergrowth, hidden from view, yet crucial to the ecosystem.

The novel explores the harsh realities of poverty, disease, superstition, and corruption of the British colonial system. Silindu’s daughters, Punchimenika and Hinnihami, who fall victim to society’s evils, are also remembered by the scientific names of the new spiders, Steriphopus punchimenikae and Steriphopus hinnihamiae, respectively.

The Village in the Jungle was published in 1931 and translated to Sinhala as ‘Baddegama’ by A. P. Gunaratne. In 1980, Sir Lester James Peries adapted the story into a film by the same name.

“Woolf’s writing vividly brings the jungle to life, and his deep understanding of the struggles faced by poverty-stricken villagers lends authenticity to his novel, so I wanted to honour his work by naming these spiders after its characters,” Prof. Benjamin told the Sunday Times. The fourth spider, Steriphopus woolfi, was named as a tribute to the author himself.

The other two new palp-footed spiders were named Steriphopus ritigalensis, named after Ritigala, where they were found, and the sixth was named S. spiralus, named after its characteristic spiral-like longer front-facing (anterior) side of a leg or appendage, according to the research paper published in the ZooNova journal last December.

Prof. Benjamin, a scientist at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), has made an extraordinary contribution to arachnology, having described 139 new spider species with his team. His meticulous work has helped document Sri Lanka’s little-known arthropod diversity, bringing global attention to the island’s fascinating spider fauna.

In some of his discoveries, Prof. Benjamin has also paid homage to culture, naming some in honour of literary characters and historical figures. In 2018, Prof. Benjamin and his colleague Sasanka Ranasinghe described nine new species of goblin spiders from Sri Lanka, six of which were named after characters from Enid Blyton’s stories.

The enigmatic palp-footed spiders (family of Palpimanidae), the subject of Prof. Benjamin’s latest research, belong to an elusive spider group known for their peculiar hunting techniques and unique morphological traits.

The palp-footed spiders are a small, specialised group of arachnids found mostly in leaf litter and tree bark. What makes them particularly fascinating is their hunting strategy. Unlike web-building spiders, these arachnids are active hunters, using their disproportionately large forelegs and specialised hairs to ambush prey. Their name comes from their modified pedipalps, which function as sensory and gripping appendages, aiding in their stealthy attacks, says Dr. Benjamin.

Their cryptic nature makes them difficult to study, so the recent discoveries in Sri Lanka suggest that many more may be waiting to be uncovered. Unfortunately, many palp-footed spiders face threats due to deforestation, climate change, and human encroachments.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250302/news/roadkills-a-pressing-wildlife-concern-589396.html published on SundayTimes 02.03.2025

It was a misty morning in Haputale on mid-February and Prof. Kapila Dissanaike was passing the Thangamale stretch when he spotted an animal lying lifeless on the side of road. Prof. Dissanaike had seen numerous roadkills while driving, but the soft goldenness of the bushy tail of this animal grabbed his attention, so he stopped the vehicle and walked to inspect the carcass.

“I was saddened to find that it was a golden palm civet, an endemic and threatened species in Sri Lanka”, Prof. Dissanaike told the Sunday Times. This civet is an elusive, nocturnal mammal. Recognised for its golden-brown fur and arboreal habits, it is often a victim of road accidents.

This unfortunate event is just one among many that claim the lives of Sri Lanka’s wildlife, including threatened and endemic species. As the country’s road network expands, and the road conditions become better allowing drivers to speed, wildlife roadkill is becoming an increasingly pressing conservation issue- worldwide claiming billions of lives.

Any roads passing through wildlife-rich areas have little regulation, allowing vehicles to travel at high speeds, increasing the chances of collisions. Nocturnal animals including all the civet species, smaller cats like the fishing cat, the rusty spotted cat and even jackal that become more active at night when visibility is low for drivers, have a high risk of becoming victims of roadkill.

Smaller creatures, especially reptiles and amphibians, are also frequent victims that get squashed without even getting noticed, says Sameera Suranjan, a herpetologist who has conducted research on roadkills on several stretches of road.

Sameera Suranjan and his team conducted a research a few years ago only focusing on reptile mortality on a 3km stretch of a highway crossing Nilgala Forest Area (NFA), a savanna-dominated forest in Nilgala, eastern Sri Lanka. A total of 72 species of herpetofauna including 53 reptiles and 19 amphibians were recorded as road kills- of which 19 species (26.3%) are endemic to Sri Lanka and 22 species (30.5%) are threatened nationally. A total of 552 road killed individuals (23.6% of tetrapod reptiles, 40.2% of serpentoid reptiles and 36.2% amphibians) were recorded over 48 days.

Sadly, not only smaller creatures, but the giants of the land – the elephants- too are victims of vehicle accidents. The accident involving popular actor Jackson Anthony was testimony to the fact that jumbos are not spared by accidents.

Another recent study highlighted that highways near protected areas, such as Udawalawe and Yala National Parks, see a particularly high number of animal fatalities. Camera traps placed near roadsides have captured images of animals hesitating before crossing, indicating their awareness of danger but also their limited options for safe passage.

Research has also revealed seasonal patterns, with monsoons increasing amphibian roadkills and dry seasons leading to more mammal casualties as they search for water sources across roads.

Meanwhile, Mendis Wickremasinghe, a renowned herpetologist in Sri Lanka, notes a decline in roadkill incidents. However, he cautions that this may simply reflect a decrease in the population of the affected species. If people can spare more thought for wildlife, then many more lives can be saved, Mr. Wickremasinghe told the Sunday Times.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250309/news/a-lot-more-to-dig-up-on-natures-sand-artist-591374.html published on SundayTimes on 09.03.2025

Long before smartphones and televisions dictated pastimes, children found entertainment in nature’s small wonders. One of the most fascinating sights was the cryptic doodles — seemingly aimless patterns etched into soft sand. Even more astonishing were the mysterious, cone-shaped pits that resembled miniature craters, as if left behind by departing alien ships.

Children knew these strange trails belonged to a curious creature called the ‘binkunda.’ They even had a playful song for it “binkundo bola binkundo, thoth natapiya maath natannam, binkundo bola binkundo” and enjoyed unearthing the hidden architect beneath the perfectly shaped cones using thin sticks. What they found was an odd-looking insect larva, buried in the sand, waiting for its next unsuspecting visitor – mainly ants.

The pits built by Antlions to trap the ants

“These are doodle bugs, better known as antlion larvae,” explains Amila Sumanapala, a conservation biologist specialising in insects such as dragonflies and damselflies. “What people call ‘binkunda’ is actually the larval stage of the antlion that mainly hunt on ants using their cone shaped sand pits. Unlike their predatory youth, adult antlions develop wings and resemble smaller damselflies, capable of flight,’’ Mr. Sumanapala said.

Antlions belong to the order Neuroptera, which includes about 60 species in Sri Lanka, such as lacewings, mantis flies, and their lesser-known relatives. However, research on these insects remains limited. In a recent study, museum specimens helped describe a previously unknown species of antlion from Sri Lanka, now scientifically named Nepsalus maclachlani.

The most remarkable aspect of an antlion’s life is its ingenious method of hunting. During its larval stage, this insect transforms into an ambush predator, creating deadly traps in loose, sandy soil. Using its shovel-like head, it meticulously carves out a conical pit. Any small insect — often an ant — that stumbles into the pit finds itself struggling against shifting sands, unable to escape. Concealed at the bottom, the antlion larva waits to seize its prey.

This hunting strategy is a masterpiece of evolutionary adaptation, honed over millions of years. The conical design maximises the chances of a successful catch while minimizing the energy required for active hunting. Studies have revealed that antlion larvae carefully select the right type of sand and constantly adjust the slope of their pit walls to maintain effectiveness. Factors like moisture and grain size influence their construction, demonstrating remarkable environmental awareness in these tiny predators.

The antlion’s life cycle is as fascinating as its hunting technique. As a larva, it spends its time perfecting its trap and capturing prey. But after a period of growth, it undergoes metamorphosis, emerging as a delicate, winged adult. Unlike its larval stage, the adult antlion does not rely on elaborate traps. Instead, it takes to the air, seeking mates and new territories.

Adult antlion

This transformation is striking — the ferocious predator of the sand becomes an ephemeral creature of flight. While the adult’s main purpose is reproduction, its mobility plays a vital role in dispersing populations, maintaining genetic diversity, and ensuring the species’ survival in changing environments.

Despite its resilience, the antlion faces increasing threats due to habitat loss. Rapid urbanisation, deforestation, and agricultural expansion have led to the destruction of sandy patches, riverbanks, and forest edges — prime hunting grounds for antlion larvae. The shrinking habitat threatens not just the antlion but also the delicate predator-prey relationships it helps sustain.

Unfortunately, research on the conservation status of Sri Lanka’s antlions remains scarce. Entomologists emphasise the need for further studies to understand their distribution, population trends, and ecological significance. By gathering such data, conservation efforts can be directed toward preserving not just the antlion but also the broader ecosystems that support countless other species.

• Search for injured tusker believed to be Sumedha proves futile

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250309/news/elephant-tusk-loss-in-bizarre-accident-highlights-growing-road-danger-591395.html published on SundayTimes on 09.03.2025

March 7 (Friday) was a typical morning for those travelling on the Habarana-Maradankadawala road, with vehicles speeding through the area. It was around 6 a.m, when two elephants, having probably spent the night feeding, suddenly emerged from the Galapitagala area and attempted to cross the road. The driver of a lorry, travelling at high speed, had no time to stop, so he swerved onto the other side of the road. One elephant managed to escape, but the other, a tusker, got its left tusk stuck on the lorry.

Fortunately, the collision wasn’t head-on, so the tusker ran toward a small forest patch on the other side. Shocked by the accident, the driver stepped out of the vehicle and was further stunned when he saw what was on the road – the elephant’s tusk.

Where the tusk got stuck in the lorry

Villagers quickly gathered at the scene, alerting both the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) officers and the police. The driver was arrested, but the elephant, which had fled the area after the accident, was nowhere to be found.

Hasintha Sooriyaarachchi, a safari jeep operator in the area, noted that the tusk appeared to have been split from the root and measured over five feet in length. Mr. Sooriyaarachchi and fellow jeep operators assisted DWC officers to search for the injured tusker, but their efforts were in vain. Mr. Sooriyarachchi spoke about a waste disposal site nearby that attracted elephants and speculated whether the tusker involved could be “Sumedha,” who had been seen roaming in the vicinity in recent days.

This accident occurred just a few weeks after the tragic train collision that killed six elephants. Although less frequent than train collisions, road accidents involving elephants have also raised concern, with four elephant deaths being reported due to road accidents last year. According to DWC statistics 13 elephants died in road accidents from 2019 to 2023.

Unlike train collisions, road accidents can be more dangerous for passengers too. In April 2024, a lorry collided with a wild elephant in Polonnaruwa, killing two people and injuring six when the lorry toppled after the crash. In 2022, renowned actor Jackson Anthony was critically injured in a collision with a wild elephant in the Thalawa area of Anuradhapura. He passed away in October 2023 after 15 months in intensive care.

The rise in road accidents involving wild elephants can be attributed to several factors. Increased vehicular traffic, especially at night, raises the risk of collisions with elephants that are nocturnal animals. While warning signs have been put up in areas frequented by elephants, drivers on remote roads often ignore speed limits, which heighten the risk of disastrous accidents.

Additionally, the lack of wildlife corridors, safe crossing points or underpasses for elephants forces them to share roadways with vehicles, further increasing the likelihood of such accidents.

Addressing these challenges to ensure the safety of both humans and elephants and to preserve Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity, requires a collective effort between government agencies, conservationists, and local communities.

The tusk that fell onto the road. Pix by Hasintha Sooriyaarachchi

Where the tusk got stuck in the lorry

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250330/news/warmer-oceans-acidification-endanger-sri-lankas-maritime-heritage-593710.html published on SundayTimes on 30.03.2025

Sri Lanka’s waters are home to over 200 shipwrecks, each holding a unique story of trade, war, and maritime heritage. Among the most significant are the Godawaya Shipwreck, which dates back over 2,000 years, and HMS Hermes, the world’s first purpose-built aircraft carrier built by British and sunk by Japanese dive bombers during World War II (1931-1945).

Over time, these shipwrecks have transformed into artificial reefs, supporting marine biodiversity and playing a crucial role in ocean ecosystems. However, climate change is now emerging as a major threat to their survival, potentially shortening their lifespan.

“Shipwrecks face multiple threats from climate change,” says Prof. Sevvandi Jayakody of the Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries at Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. “These include extreme weather events, ocean acidification, invasive species, and rising sea temperatures, all of which can accelerate the degradation of wrecks.”

Marine archaelogists exploring Godawaya shipwreck2. Pic courtesy Maritime Archaeology Unit of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is increasingly vulnerable to extreme weather events, with storms becoming more intense due to climate change. A literature review published in the Sri Lanka Journal of Economic Research highlights a significant rise in tropical cyclone intensity in the Bay of Bengal between 1981 and 2010, a trend scientists attribute to higher sea surface temperatures. Other studies suggest this intensification has continued over the past two decades.

“More intense storms and cyclones generate powerful waves and strong currents that can impact shipwrecks, specially those in shallow waters,” explains Dharshana Jayawardane, a researcher of shipwrecks for over two decades. “Even after heavy monsoon seasons, we’ve seen cases where shallow-water wrecks suffer damage due to rough seas. If storm intensity increases, the risk to these wrecks will only grow.’’

Strong waves also shift sand and sediment, exposing previously buried wrecks to deterioration or burying them deeper, which can hinder archaeological research and conservation efforts, he said.

Diving tourism

Human-induced climate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), not only warms the planet but also increases ocean acidity when the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which lowers the ocean’s pH.

“Globally, research has shown that ocean acidification speeds up the corrosion rate of iron and steel wrecks,” notes Prof. Jayakody. “This is especially concerning for wrecks like HMS Hermes, which may still contain live ammunition. As the metal weakens, there is a risk of explosive materials being exposed.”

Another alarming consequence of corrosion is the potential release of bunker oil from sunken ships. If intact fuel tanks begin to leak due to rapid deterioration, it could cause secondary environmental pollution, further harming marine ecosystems.

Although ocean acidification studies in Sri Lanka are still in their early stages, the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA) is monitoring pH levels in coastal waters.

“We take regular measurements from stations on both the east and west coasts,” says Dr. Kanapathipillai Arulananthan director general of NARA. “Additionally, the Norwegian research vessel Nansen is expected to provide further insights into changing ocean parameters in the Northern Indian Ocean.”

Another hidden threat is the rise of invasive species that could now establish in different areas due to warming waters. Changes in ocean temperature and acidity alter microbial activity, leads to faster decomposition of wooden shipwrecks according to research.

“Wooden wrecks are particularly vulnerable to wood-boring organisms like shipworms, which thrive in warmer conditions,” warns Prof. Jayakody. “As ocean temperatures rise, these organisms could spread to areas where they previously could not survive, accelerating the breakdown of historical wrecks.”

Ballast water from ships can introduce these invasive species to new environments. While differences in salinity, temperature, and acidity once prevented their survival, climate change is making new habitats more suitable for these species, increasing the risk of bioerosion.

Beyond their historical importance, shipwrecks serve as artificial reefs, providing shelter and breeding grounds for marine life. However, climate change threatens their ability to sustain biodiversity. Rising sea temperatures can lead to coral bleaching and degradation, weakening the ecosystem surrounding wreck sites.

Sri Lanka has experienced several significant coral bleaching events over the past few decades, mainly due to higher sea temperatures and other environmental stressors. 1998 Mass Bleaching Event that was triggered by a strong El Niño effect , led to the destruction of over 50% of some coral reefs in Sri Lanka. Another substantial bleaching occurred in 2016, causing extensive coral damage. Sri Lanka is frequently experiencing heat waves, so more such coral bleachings are expected.

Also, stronger storms and shifting currents could damage or bury shipwrecks, leading to habitat loss for marine organisms. Combined with disruptions in food chains and breeding patterns, these factors pose a significant risk to the stability of these underwater ecosystems according to Prof. Jayakody.

With shipwrecks spanning ancient, colonial, and modern eras, Sri Lanka holds a treasure trove of global maritime heritage.

According to Rasika Mutukumarana of the Department of Archaeology, about 40 shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters are of significant historical value. However, the full extent of he impact of climate change on these wrecks are still unknown.

“These changes can be slow but significant,” Mr Mutukumarana explains. “Long-term monitoring is crucial to assess and mitigate damage, but securing funding for such research remains a challenge.”

Prof. Jayakody echoes this concern, emphasising the unpredictability of climate change’s effects on shipwrecks. “We may not even have seen the full extent of these impacts yet. Biological changes triggered by global warming could bring consequences we haven’t even imagined. That’s why continuous monitoring and conservation efforts are essential to safeguard this invaluable maritime heritage.”

As climate change intensifies, Sri Lanka’s shipwrecks face an uncertain future. Without proactive measures, these historical and ecological treasures could deteriorate beyond recognition, taking with them invaluable insights into the past —and a crucial refuge for marine life in the present.

Mr. Mutukumarana said every shipwreck is unique and when one disintegrates so goes its story, too. The only way forward would be to reduce the rate of global warming.

(This story was produced under the CIR- CANSA Media Fellowship Programme.) 

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250330/news/sweltering-conditions-put-young-lives-and-learning-at-risk-593689.html published on SundayTimes on 30.03.2025

Although the annual school sports events concluded without major incidents this year despite the rising heat, the traditional Aluth Avurudu games — once a source of joy for children — now warrant extra caution in the face of a changing climate.

In March 2024, sixteen-year-old Vidurshan, a student from Ampara in Eastern Sri Lanka, collapsed midway through the inter-house marathon event. He died in hospital.

The post-mortem by the Judicial Medical Officer, issued an open verdict, but the signs were clear that the student faced a heat stroke-related illness.

This tragedy unfolded during one of the hottest months Sri Lanka has experienced in recent times.

“Many factors can contribute to heat stroke, but high environmental temperature is the dominant cause,” said Dr. Lal Ekanayake, director general of the Institute of Sports Medicine, highlighting the dangers of outdoor physical exertion in extreme heat.

Deaths during sports events or physically demanding activities are often attributed to heart issues. However, these cardiac events can themselves be triggered by high temperatures, noted Dr. Ekanayake.

“When the body is stressed by heat, the heart rate increases to regulate internal temperature. But heavy sweating leads to loss of vital minerals and electrolytes, disrupting heart signals and potentially causing heart arrhythmia — one of the leading causes of sudden deaths during sports,” Dr. Ekanayake told Sunday Times.

What makes Vidurshan’s case even more tragic is that it could have been prevented. Just weeks before the event, the Education Ministry had advised schools to postpone sports meets until late April due to soaring temperatures. Such warnings are not new. Over the past five years, the ministry has issued heat stroke alerts to schools during the hot season on four occasions .

“We issue these heat stress warnings considering the recommendations we received, but regional-level decisions are permitted based on the severity of heat experienced in each area,” says Sujatha Kulendrakumar, deputy director of education at the Ministry of Education.

In Sri Lanka, the districts most affected by extreme heat are in the Dry Zone and parts of the Intermediate Zone. Areas such as Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Trincomalee, Batticaloa, Ampara, Vavuniya, Mannar, Monaragala, and Hambantota often record the highest temperatures in the country and it is expected that global warming will make things particularly worst for these areas.

“Children hardly get time to play outdoors anymore, and now even that is affected by the heat,” lamented retired civil servant Indrasena Muthukumarana, 82. “In our time, we were always outside playing or engaged in other activities at our leisure times, but the heat never bothered us like this.” Mr Muthukumarana’s observations are backed by scientific evidence. A World Bank report titled ‘The Impact of Climate Change on Education and What to Do about It’ published last year reveals that a child born in 2024 will face twice as many wildfires and tropical cyclones, three times more river floods, four times more crop failures, and five times more droughts in a warmer world than a child born in 1970.

The rising heat is not only a threat to physical safety but also to education as the World Bank Report also highlights that extreme heat can lead to learning losses. While small shifts in average temperatures might seem negligible, they accumulate over time — especially in already hot regions — resulting in significant setbacks in education. Performance on exams drops noticeably on hotter days, disproportionately affecting students in poorer, less-equipped schools, the publication stated.

Extracurricular activities like physical education, sports, and field trips are frequently canceled during heatwaves, further impacting children’s holistic development, which has become common in this part of the world according to this report.

In Sri Lanka, many rural schools lack fans or air conditioning. “Heat in classrooms on some days become unbearable, so high temperatures lead to fatigue and lower alertness,” noted Science teacher Suneetha Ramanayake. “Not just students – teachers, too, feel the heat which affects total quality of the teaching.

Conditions could be worse in tuition classes, as some are held in makeshift huts with tin-sheet roofs. Such premises turn into ovens under the midday sun. Even electric fans can’t offset such intense heat, Ms Ramanayake said.

The current hot weather is expected to last until May, until monsoon winds start to sweep across Sri Lanka warns, Dr. Anusha Warnasuriya, a forecasting director of the Meteorology Department. While average temperatures in Sri Lanka have increased only slightly, it’s the combination of heat and humidity that makes the situation dangerous. “When there’s high humidity, sweat doesn’t evaporate easily, so the body can’t cool itself — from February to May, limited wind and cloudless skies make things worse.” said Dr. Warnasooriya.

To alert the public, the Department of Meteorology of Sri Lanka uses a Heat Index Advisory system. This system calculates the apparent temperature by factoring in both the air temperature and relative humidity, offering a more accurate reflection of how hot it feels to the human body. Warnings are issued using a colour-coded system, ranging from green for normal conditions to dark red for extreme danger, where heat stroke is imminent.

A recent UNICEF report showed that in 2024, heat-related events became the most significant climate hazard disrupting education globally, affecting an estimated 171 million students. In Asia, the highest disruptions were in April, with heatwaves impacting at least 118 million children.

Sri Lanka is highly vulnerable to climate change and has consistently ranked among the countries most affected by extreme weather events, being ranked No 2 in the Global Climate Risk Index of 2019. The country has already experienced a temperature rise of about 0.8 to 1.0°C, and projections indicate a further increase of 1.0 to 1.2°C by 2030, potentially reaching up to 4°C by the end of the century under high-emission scenarios.

Even after the school sports season ends, risks remain. April also brings traditional Avurudu games such as marathons and bicycle races held at the village level. “We’ve recorded deaths during these games, too,” said Dr. Ekanayake.

To address the issue, Sri Lanka issued a set of guidelines particularly for event organisers of sports events, also covering heat-related illnesses. These guidelines include being in close contact with nearby hospitals for emergencies and ensuring events start early to avoid the peak heat. “Don’t delay the start waiting for politicians or chief guests — it’s safer to begin before the sun gets too harsh,” Dr. Ekanayake advised.

As Sri Lanka faces increasingly extreme weather, it is crucial for schools, communities, and policymakers to adapt and prioritise the safety and well-being of children — both in sports and in learning, Dr. Ekanayake said.

This story was produced under the CIR-CANSA Media Fellowship Programme.

https://www.sundaytimes.lk/250420/news/sinharaja-loner-checks-in-and-goes-about-on-its-rounds-595118.html published on SundayTimes on 20.04.2025

As Sri Lanka prepared for Avurudu festivities, an environmental research center in Deniyaya saw an unexpected visitor at dusk on April 8.

Silently emerging from the shadows of the rainforest, the lone elephant stepped gently onto the rain-soaked earth, leaving deep footprints in the muddy ground. It paused to feed on a banana tree before retreating into the forest.

This visitor was none other than ‘Panu Kota’ — one of the elusive elephants known to roam the Sinharaja Rainforest and its adjoining villages. The Sinharaja forest is home to a pair of male elephants known to make annual round trips through the nearby areas. While the second elephant, known locally as ‘Loku Aliya’, has not been seen for the past five years, ‘Panu Kota’ continues his seasonal journey through villages such as Rakwana, Neluwa, and Deniyaya.

Cemented elephant footprints: Marking the return of Panu Kota

The location where the elephant appeared is known as the Sinharaja Base Camp, on the edge of the Sinharaja Rainforest in Deniyaya. It was built and managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society of Galle (WCSG) for field research and conservation in one of Sri Lanka’s most biologically rich ecosystems.

“It was a special occasion for us,” said Madura de Silva, president of WCSG. “We even made a cement cast of its footprints, so its presence is permanently marked at the premises.” Mr de Silva told the SundayTimes.

In the days before the sighting, rumours had circulated in social media about an infected, foul-smelling wound on the elephant’s leg. However, the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) dismissed it, clarifying that the elephant is in musth — a natural condition in adult males during which they may emit strong odors and are aggressive.

Sinharaja elephant with its sattelite collar

To prevent any potential conflict with nearby villagers, wildlife officers have been following the elephant’s movements according to DWC.

Sri Lanka’s wet-zone rainforests, including Sinharaja, once supported a thriving population of elephants. However, due to large-scale deforestation caused by plantation agriculture, hunting and capturing during the colonial period, their numbers declined drastically.

The Sinharaja elephants are notably different from their dry-zone cousins. Adapted to life in dense, wet lowland rainforest, they navigate through challenging terrain, including steep rocky slopes and thick undergrowth.

Nisal Pubudu, who has observed their movements says: “They climb and descend difficult slopes with surprising ease, often using tree trunks for support.’’

In 2019, ‘Panu Kota’ was fitted with a radio collar by the DWC to track movements. But the collar is inactive and WCSG is willing to support tracking. Conservation experts stress the importance of maintaining habitat connectivity, engaging with local communities, and promoting scientific research to develop effective strategies for protecting these rare rainforest elephants.

The return of ‘Panu Kota’ to Deniyaya on the Avurudu week is a gentle reminder of the wild heritage that still lingers at the edge of the rainforest — and the responsibility that lies with us to ensure it survives for generations to come.